Education of the Middle Ages Essay

Education, as we know it today, did not exist in the Middle Ages. Illiteracy was dominant among the population. Scribes were the exception to the rule. Churches were the main source of knowledge and schooling. Real interest in learning grew along with the development of towns. The towns’ officials needed to be educated. At the same time a need for legal institutions was created and so started the university phenomenon. Modern education was on its way. There were few schools in the Middle ages, so everyone had limited education. Even the Lord of the Manor was often unable to read or write. Some of the first schools were Cathedral schools. As well as Parish, Monastic, and Palace schools. Here people learned a particular role in society. Naturally the primary job was training the clergy in their professional duties as priests of the Christian people. The bishop was the head of the complex and he had a staff of priest to help him with the several of the diocese. These skills that were taught here were reading, singing of hymns, church law, writing of documents and the performing of Church duties and sacraments. An example of educating for a specific role in life were the Knights who had learn how to fight with various weapons so that they could fight for their king. The common people, however, had no way of being educated other than going a monastic school. However, if they did this, they had to donate their property to the church. The people who went to this school later become monks or nuns. They had to follow three important laws: chastity, obedience, and the law or the lord if not followed they would be thrown out of the monastery. Most monasteries had a rule of silence: monks could not talk which other except for a short period of time. During meals one monk might read passages from the bible while the others mediated. Even though monks’ lives seem to be so hard it was the best place to go for a good education for anybody from a king to a beggar (Monasteries 488-499). Women took part in monastic life by living in a convent under a direction of an abbess. Known as nuns, they wore simple clothes and wrapped a white cloth called a wimple around their face and neck. They alternated prayer with spinning, weaving, and embroiling items such as tapestries and banners. They also taught needlework and the medicinal use of herbs to daughters of nobles (Couglin A6). Although monks and nuns lived apart from society, they were not completely isolated. Indeed, they played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life. Since few people could read or write, the regular clergy preserved ancient and the classical writings. Scribes copied all the books by hand working in a small drafty room with one candle or a small window for light. Illuminated manuscripts decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures indicate that, although the task was done with hard work, it was also lovingly done (Monastaries 499-501). Monasteries and convents provided not only schools for young people, but hospitals for the sick, food for the needy, and a home for travelers who need a place to stay (Monasteries 499-501). Cathedral schools were there to train higher-member of the Church in their professional duties as ministers of the Christian people. The bishop in whose Cathedral complex the school was located needed a group of trained priests to administer the various needs dioceses. The Cathedral school largely emphasized practical skills, effective reading, singing, and knowledge of Church Law, public speaking and the administration of the holy sacraments (Corbishely 28). At first the university was not so much a place as it was a group of scholars organized like a guild for the purpose of learning. Classes were held in rented rooms or churches even in the open air. Books were scarce. In most classes teacher read the text and discussed it, while students took notes on slates or memorized as much information as possible. Classes did, however meet regularly schedule. University rules established the obligations of the students and the teachers toward each other. To qualify as a teacher students had to pass an exam leading to a degree, or a certificate of completion (Cantor 58). By the end of the 1200’s universities had spread throughout Europe. Most southern European universities were modeled after the law school at Bologna, Italy, and specialized in law and medicine. Universities in Northern Europe on the contrary, specialized in liberal arts in Theology. These were generally modeled after the University of Paris (Bailey 89). At medieval universities, scholars studied Latin classics and Roman law in depth. They also acquired knowledge from the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and from the Islamic scholarship in the sciences. This interest in the physical world eventually led a rise of western science (Schools 291-292). Many church leaders opposed the study of Aristotle’s works, fearing that his ideas feared the Christian teachings. In contrast some scholars thought that new knowledge could be used ideas. The applied Aristotle philosophy to theological questions and developed a system of thought called scholasticism. This new type of learning emphasized reason as well as the faith in the interpretations of Christian doctrine. Scholastic sought to bring back classical philosophy along side with the teachings of the Church. They believed that knowledge could be integrated into a coherent whole (Schools 295). One scholastic teacher, Peter Aberlard taught theology in Paris during the early 1100’s. In his book Sic et Non, he collected statements from the bible writings of early Christian leaders that showed both sides of controversial questions. Abearld then had his students reconcile the difference though logic. In the 1200’s the most important scholastic thinker was Thomas Aquinas a brilliant theologian and philosopher who taught philosophy in Naples and France. In his work Summa Theolgica Aquinas claimed that reason was a gift from god that could provide answers to basic philosophical questions. The catholic later accepted and promoted Aquinas’s way of teaching and thinking (Schools 310). The education of a knight proceeded in a way similar to that of many medieval occupations. At an early age the prospective knight was apprenticed to serve as a page, or attendant, in a knight’s household. In his teens the page graduated to the status of a squire and received more responsibilities. As a squire the boy tended his knight’s horses and armor, but he also gained his first battle experience. Several squires were usually apprenticed to a knight at the same time and on the battlefield they might fight as a small band of infantry around their master. Here they acquired the many skills in arms necessary for their profession. To graduate to the status of a knight, a squire usually performed some heroic deed in battle. The squire was welcomed into the order of knights by being dubbed with a sword or slapped in the face by his lord. Afterwards the new knight would receive his fief, or gift of land. As the cult of chivalry developed in the 12th and 13th centuries, knighting ceremonies became more involved. Often they occurred at court, and a knight’s dubbing might be preceded by a religious vigil in which the knight vowed to uphold Christian and chivalric principles (Davies 12-13). Finally the Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century. Scholars became more interested in the humanist features that is, the secular or worldly rather than the religious aspects of the Greek and Latin classics. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly powerful force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became especially important (Renaissance 228-229). Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons. Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture (Renaissance 220). The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely available and increased literacy rates. But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance. Elementary schools educated middle-class children while lower-class children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools (Bailey 112). Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or received private lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only certain subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females. For working-class girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing (Couglin, A8). As it shows education the Middle Ages seems to be so diverse and a starting point for modern education. But the reader must always keep in mind only about five percent of the whole population did all of these educational activities.

Differences and Similarities between Respiration and Photosynthesis Essay

Cellular RespirationPhotosynthesis OrganellesMitochondriaChloroplast Organelle StructuresThe double-membraned mitochondrion can be loosely described as a large wrinkled bag packed inside of a smaller, unwrinkled bag. The two membranes create distinct compartments within the organelle, and are themselves very different in structure and in function.Two membranes contain and protect the inner parts of the chloroplast. The stroma is an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created. One thylakoid stack is called a granum. The thylakoids have chlorophyll molecules on their surface. That chlorophyll uses sunlight to create sugars. The stacks of sacs are connected by stromal lamellae. The lamellae act like the skeleton of the chloroplast, keeping all of the sacs a safe distance from each other and maximizing the efficiency of the organelle. Stages InvolvedGlycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport ChainPhotoexcitation, photolysis, photophosphorylation ReactantsOxygen and GlucoseCarbon Dioxide and Water

Missouri Inchoate Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Missouri Inchoate Crimes - Essay Example The present study focuses on the statute for inchoate crimes in Missuori and compares it with the historical common law for the same and hence studies the differences. Missouri and its Statute for Inchoate Crimes: In the present study, focus has been concerned with the cases of attempt and conspiracy. As far as the statutes of the inchoate crimes in Missouri are concerned, the elements of the statutes may be learnt as follows. Missouri Laws 564.011 – Attempt: The Elements: 564.011. 1: Based on this statute, an individual is held responsible for attempting an act of crime where he intends to take some step in accomplishing an act of crime. A considerable measure is accomplished which is powerfully supportive of the resolution of the purpose of the criminal to accomplish the charge of the crime (Missouri Laws 564.011 – Attempt, 2009). 2. According to this section, it is not a resistance to a trial that the crime tried to be committed was, under the genuine conditions of s upport, literally or lawfully impractical of occurrence, in case such crime could have been attempted when the conditions of the support were the actor as could be supposed (Missouri Laws 564.011 – Attempt, 2009). 3. ... Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy: The Elements: 564.016. 1. According to this section, an individual is accountable for conspiracy with other individuals to commit a crime if, he agrees with the others that they would be involved in such misconduct (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 2. In case of an individual conspiring with another person or other individuals who are already involved in some other conspiracy then this person is also considered to be a part of the other conspiracy as well (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 3. When an individual conspires to commit numerous crimes, he is considered accountable for only a single conspiracy where the other offenses are the objectives of the same accord (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 4. An individual cannot be held guilty of conspiracy if an evident criminal act associated with the conspiracy is not suspected and proved to have been accomplished by him or the other individuals involved in the conspiracy (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 5. (1) An individual cannot be held guilty of conspiracy if, after the plan of conspiracy of a criminal act, he prohibited the execution of the goals of the conspiracy in case of situations where he wishes to abandon his act; (2) The defendant is supposed to have the trouble of introducing the matter of abandonment of â€Å"criminal purpose under subdivision (1) of this subsection† (Missouri Laws 564.016 – Conspiracy, 2009). 6. Considering the limitations of time on trials: (1) Conspiracy has been considered as an ongoing path of demeanor which expires when the acts of the crimes are abandoned by the conspirer himself; (2) If an individual discards his plan, the

Personal mission statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal mission statement - Essay Example Leibowitz (1997) claims that reflections, complex thinking and communication helps the students to be able to align their goal to their career. During my last semester, I performed poorly in two units (Ancient History and Political Science) and this made me a have a low grade overall. Personally, my goal for this semester was to improve on my grade in these two units I did not perform well in order for me to increase my GPA and graduate with a good grade. During the beginning of semester, there are a number of personal and academic goals that I have been looking to accomplish. There are some goals that I have accomplished and some that I have not. Therefore, reflection on one’s goals is important as it helps one to know where he has come from and where he is going. I chose to improve on these subjects as it has greatly affected my chances of making it to the Dean’s list. My academic goal for this semester was to make it the Dean’s list and I could only achieve this through improving in my performance on the two units. With hard work and discipline, I am proud to have achieved this goal. I was able to plan a timetable that was very demanding and stack to it to the latter. My timetable required me to organize and motivate myself to complete all my assignments on time so that I would create more time for the two units. At the beginning of the semester, I made a list of the course assignments, jotted down the key points and with the help of my calendar I was able to plan my day and week respectively. On the weekdays, I allocated my designated study time table for 9pm to 11 pm. Nonetheless, I was forced to push the back this study period to accommodate time for my friends which conflicted with my set goals. Over the semester, I believe that I have accomplished most of my goals while other goals have been changed to accommodate others. I was able to communicate more with classmate that I never used to talk to. By making new friends, I was able to

Linguisitcs- Empirical findings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Linguisitcs- Empirical findings - Essay Example Hypothesis 3 predicted that both corpora would provide more dependent noun clauses than other types of dependent clauses and is confirmed within the interview corpus but not within the linguistic corpus, which contained an even number of adverbial, noun and relative clauses. Hypothesis 4 predicted that the extract taken from a transcribed interview would contain more contractions than the linguistic extract, and is borne out by the results. This study compares two small corpora, each comprising 300 words, taken from a linguistic journal and a transcribed interview. The texts are therefore diverse in terms of content, style, register and their proposed audience, and are compared and contrasted in terms of the linguistic properties pertaining to the number and length of sentences, the number and type of dependent clauses, and the use of contractions. The focus on sentence constructions begins by ascertaining the number of sentences within each corpus. The purpose of this is that the number of sentences will provide insight as to the length of the sentences, which is measured in terms of the number of words within a punctuated sentence. The higher the number of sentences found within a 300 word corpus, then the shorter the sentences would have to be. The fewer the number of sentences therefore, would realise longer, compound and complex sentences and thus would be expected to render more dependent clauses. The second property to be measured in this study is the number and type of dependent clauses used within each text. A dependent clause does not convey a complete idea and therefore is unable to stand by itself; in other words a dependent clause relies on an independent clause for meaning. Tallerman (2005) refers to dependent clauses as subordinate clauses and the independent clause, which must contain a finite verb, as the matrix clause. She also tells us that subordinate clauses are often considered as embedded clauses because

Strategic Corporate Finance Mod 5 Case Assignment Essay

Strategic Corporate Finance Mod 5 Case Assignment - Essay Example Net Present Value (NPV) method is one of the most important methods used to make capital budgeting decisions by businesses today. NPV method is important because it helps financial managers maximize shareholders’ wealth by making better capital budgeting decisions. Basically we can determine whether a project is worth investing in or not by comparing the present value of inflows and outflows discounted at the rate of cost of capital. If the PV of net flows is positive (PV of inflows is more than the PV of outflows over the life of the project), we consider it a good investment because it will increase shareholder wealth, and vice versa. In other words, must have a positive net inflow. In the given scenario, T-Mobile Corporation is considering a new project that will cost $3,219,000. This is the initial cash outflow. The company has provided the following cash flow figures: Year Cash Flow 0 -$3,219,000 1 350,000 2 939,000 3 1,122,000 4 500,000 5 400,000 We are told that T-Mobil e’s cost of capital discount rate is 4%, and are required to calculate the project's net present value. PV of Cash Inflows = 350000/(1.04)1 + 939000/(1.04)2 + 1122000/(1.04)3 +500000/(1.04)4 + 400000/(1.04)5 350000/1.04 + 939000/1.0816 + 1122000/1.1248 + 500000/ 1.1698 + 400000/ 1.2166 336538.46 + 868158.28 + 997510.66 + 427423.49 + 328785.13 $2,958,416.02. NPV= PV of Inflows – PV of Outflows NPV =$2,958,416.02 – 3,219,000 NPV= (260,583.98) Since the NPV is negative, or the PV of inflows is less than the PV of outflows for the project, investing in it will decrease shareholder wealth. The investment opportunity should be rejected. Even at the higher discount rate of 6%, the PV of inflows would decrease further, and the decision would be the same i.e. it is better not to invest here. Part II: T-Mobile-Sprint Merger Mergers and acquisitions are usually the two routes chosen by corporate entities to expand their businesses in the marketplace. These are often a hot topic in the business press (McClure, 2011). One rumor being floated around is a potential merger between mobile phone giants T-Mobile and Sprint. Mergers between two large companies are usually complicated, even though there may be possible synergies in 4G technologies that might be possible in such an instance. While mergers can bring about great rewards, at the same time they can also entail great risks and pitfalls. Differences in valuation, differences in accounting procedures and operational and administrative difficulties may emerge (Gaughan, (2001). This part of the assignment asks us to do some research concerning the arguments both for and against such a merger from a financial perspective. We are considering the deal from the point of view of whether or not such a merger would be a profitable undertaking that would add value to the shareholders of both corporations or not. Do you think a merger between Sprint and T-Mobile would add value to the shareholders of both corpor ations? Based on your analysis and findings (Part I and Part II), what would you recommend to the shareholders of both corporations? Should both companies merge? Please explain your reasoning. From the point of view of synergistic benefits, there is certainly a lot of merit in seeking to merge Sprint and T-Mobile. As of the date of the article in July 2010, both Sprint

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay discusses that successful saturated penetration of a brand in the domestic market always motivates the brand to look forward to the international market. Current picture of global market shows two types of international expansion of successful domestic brands of any country in the World. Marketers from developed countries are looking forward to the emerging markets like India, China, South Korea, South Africa etc and seeking opportunities to expand their business operation there. Brands from emerging markets are trying to step forward to the developed countries like USA, Japan etc to start their business operation there. If we take the example of well known brands such as Samsung and LG, they started business in emerging market and successfully penetrated on the domestic market of South Korea and after that diversified globally in to the developed market like USA and as well as emerging markets like India and China. Indian successful brands like Tata, Bharti Airtel, Lenevo , and Kohinur have achieved some level of success in the global market specially developed markets. Globalisation of any country has opened the door for the domestic Players to diversify in the foreign market and welcome the foreign players to start operation in that country. Earlier, the production giants of developed countries started diversification in the emerging markets of developing countries for low-cost skilled labour, low operation cost, and enough resources i.e. raw materials. US companies like General Electric started operation in China and Coca-Cola started in India and they became successful in these emerging market. Similarly, the evidence of reverse case also there like Tata Steel diversified to Europe and acquired Corus, the so called leading steel giant (Breslin, 2003, p.13-18). Market Selection vs. Market Attractiveness There are plenty of theory and model to analyse the international market selection. Market attractiveness is a measurement scale which qualitative ly measures a market for the demand of a particular product or brand. It always catalyses the market selection process towards a global market. Mostly applicable and effective theory of market selection is PESTLE analysis. It says that business environment of any country depends upon its six major components. These are Political: It represents how the government represents the economy and a certain business i.e. the way of representing and the extent. Political factor of a country represented by certain areas like taxation policy, labour law, trade restrictions, tariffs and govt. stability. So, market attractiveness towards foreign investors will be high if the entire areas of political environment are business-friendly. Economical: Economical factors are influenced and comprised by the economy of a country, and the World economy. These

Research Design, Measurement, and Analysis in a quantitative research Assignment

Research Design, Measurement, and Analysis in a quantitative research method - Assignment Example Example of such conclusion is, table length is twice that of a chair. The third scale is Interval showing distance between items. Example is the distance in temperature measurement. Distance from 40-50 is the same as 70-80. The last one is an ordinal scale, which puts items in ranks. There is no degree of difference in this. Example, the ranks below shows an increase in education, 1-lower learning, 2-high school, 3-college and 4- university. Distance from 1 to 2 is comparatively not the same as 3 to 4 (Creswell, 2009). A variable is a factor that exists in differing types or amounts. In making observations and conclusions, the researcher needs to define which factor affects the other (Christensen, 2011). Dependent variables are used in the conclusion after interacting with independent variables. Variables should relate to the study subject. In my research on poor academic performance, for example, I will use teaching styles, student-teacher ratio and study hours as

Personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

Personal Statement Example s to Steve Jobs and from Warren Buffet to Ratan Tata, and from a very young age I have focused on making sure I understand the delicate intricacies of the business world from these people who I consider to be my role models. As I decide to go to college, I have a clear picture in my mind of the direction I have to head in to achieve the goals that I have always aspired to. Being a people’s person, I believe is one quality that would greatly help me both, with my studies in business management, as well as my professional career once I move into it. To be able to do well in business, communication is highly essential, and that only comes in if one is able to connect to other people, understand their needs and requirements, as well as get our point through to them. I believe being a people’s person puts me at a natural advantage compared to others, and this quality is likely to give me an edge over others in my professional career. Studying business management would allow me to deeply understand what theorists have to say about the way businesses work, and then go on to apply those lessons learnt in real life business scenarios in order to reap the benefit of my education. I have always believed that to succeed in a field, one need to know about it inside out and that is one of the key reasons why I have decided to study about business management. Though I currently have a limited amount of knowledge in the field of business management, one thing I know for sure is that it involves effective teamwork to achieve something big out of a business structure. My belief in working in teams dates back from the time when I was in fifth grade. It was at the annual sports day function at my school when I was the captain of my class’s tug of war team. Prior to the actual competition, my team was losing out in all the practice sessions, primarily due to the fact that my team members were not really putting in their hundred percent into the activity. It was then that I

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay Example for Free

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay Symbolism plays a crucial role in The Iliad. Take for instance when Achilles already knows why Apollo is angry, but decides the fact should be stated by someone other than himself. He knows that Agamemnon will become angry once the truth is revealed. I believe that in this instance he is trying to keep his rage in check by avoiding a direct confrontation with Agamemnon so although the symbolism of anger is present it is kept under wraps. Calchas also fears for his life because he also knows Agamemnons fury is unyielding at times. However, with a great deal of encouragement from Achilles, Calchas spoke out, bravely: Beware-The gods enraged because Agamemnon spurned his priest' (106). When the truth is exposed, Agamemnon becomes extremely angry and he and Achilles argue. The argument becomes so heated that Achilles is tempted to kill Agamemnon. Achilles questions himself, Should he draw the long sharp sword slung at his hip, thrust through the ranks and kill Agamemnon nowor check his rage and beat his fury down (108). Here, Hera has Athena intervene to keep Achilles from killing Agamemnon, which shows how the gods control Achilles destiny. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon clearly shows that the two men have different opinions about the power of the gods, what is holy or unholy, and what is proper treatment of other men. These differences are one source of Achilles rages likewise the issues pertaining to power and gods are being symbolised. Achilles is also angry at having to fight another mans battle. The Trojan War is being fought because Paris stole Helen, Agamemnons sister-in-law. In his argument with Agamemnon, Achilles points out It wasnt Trojan spearmen who brought me here to fight. The Trojans never did me damage, not in the least (107). Achilles rage heightens in the argument and he declares No, you colossal, shamelesswe all followed you, to please you, to fight for you, to win your honor back from the TrojansMenelaus and you, you dog-face! (108). Achilles is also angry because even though he and many other soldiers are there risking their lives for Agamemnon and Menelaus, Agamemnon is sly enough to avoid personal injury. Achilles says to Agamemnon, Never once did you arm with the troops and go to battle or risk an ambush packed with Achaeas picked menyou lack the courage, you can see death coming (109). The Trojan War is being fought for personal reasons. Achilles rage at this point stems from the injustice that he is risking his life for someone elses cause and also for the fact that Agamemnon is a coward. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon has deep-seeded roots of jealousy, another and symbol emotion that stirs anger. Agamemnon knows that Achilles has the respect of the soldiers and the gods; therefore, Agamemnon is always striving to prove his superiority and powerfulness to Achilles. Agamemnon agrees to give Chryseis back to the priest, but then takes Brisies from Achilles. Achilles allows Agamemnons men to take Brisies without a fight in order to maintain the respect of the gods; however, after Brisies is taken, Achilles becomes so enraged and heartbroken that he reaffirms his declaration not to fight anymore. Achilles declares that Agamemnon is to blame for the doom of the Achaean army if the day should come when the armies need me to save their ranks from ignominious, stark defeat (112). Jealousy, then, can be viewed as another source of Achilles rage. The issues being symbolised here are emotional and touching. Achilles is heartbroken and calls on his mother, the goddess Thetis. She is sorrowful when she hears Achilles prayers and weeping. Achilles knows that he is going live a short life and now feels that his life has no honor. He feels that the gods have forsaken him by allowing Agamemnon to humiliate him. Achilles wants his mother to collect on an old debt from Zeus. Thetis is saddened by Achilles heartbreak and confirms his destiny, Doomed to a short life, you have so little time. And not only short, now, but filled with heartbreak too' (114). She leaves Achilles to go ask Zeus to let the Trojan army win as long as Achilles is not fighting. Achilles is left alone, his heart inflamed for the sashed and lovely girl theyd wrenched from him against his will (115). Achilles lost love and broken heart are another source of his rage. The effect is symbolism is tangible. Rage is being symbolised through love and the impact leads to a broken heart. Achilles heart remains rigid against Agamemnon even when three of his dearest friends come and ask him to fight again. Phoenix, Ajax, and Odysseus plead with Achilles to join the battle again, but he refuses. The three make the argument that even if Achilles is angry with Agamemnon, he should still come back to the fighting to help his friends whose lives will be lost if he does not. Achilles dearest friend, Patroclus, decides to take Achilles armor and join the fighting. Patroclus is wounded in battle and then is killed when Hector waiting, watching the great-hearted Patroclus trying to stagger free, came rushing into him right across the lines and rammed his spearshaft home. (159). It is Patroclus death that brings Achilles back to the war. Now his rage is aroused by his desire to obtain revenge against the Trojan army and, more specifically, Hector. Achilles armor is lost because Hector and the Trojans take it from Patroclus dead body. This action inspires Achilles to seek Thetis help again. She has Hephaestus make new armor for Achilles. The new armor is magnificent. It is a great and massive shield, blazoning well-wrought emblems all across its surface (173). Thetis and other gods encourage Achilles to fight now. Apollo taunts Achilles while Hector holds fast outside the city gates. It is King Priam who first sees Achilles coming and is filled with fear for Hector. Achilles appears blazing like the star that rears at harvest, flaming up in its brilliance far outshining the countless stars in the night sky (177). Hector is filled with fear as Achilles approaches the city. Achilles then chases Hector around the city three times. It is divine intervention by Athena that causes Hector to finally stop and face Achilles. Zeus decides who will die in the fight as he held out his sacred golden scales: in them he placed two fates of death that lays men low (181). The scales are tipped in Achilles favor and Hector looses his life. It is very clear that the gods control Achilles destiny and influence the factors that create his rage. Why is Achilles enraged? His rage is a personal choice. He decides to confront Agamemnon. He decides to withdraw from the war. He decides to join the war after Patroclus death. However, the gods do their parts in making sure that his destiny is carried out. Thetis has new armor made for him and encourages him to fight. Apollo taunts him. Athena intervenes, first to make sure he does not kill Agamemnon and then later to make sure that he does kill Hector. Zeus weighs his fate. Rage is the spawn of many emotions. Injustice, jealousy, un-holiness, revenge, and heartbreak are emotions that sparked Achilles rage. Homers tale, the Iliad, shows how Achilles rage is his destiny. Symbolism is very effective throughout the novel. It is linked to emotions, love and rage. Works Cited Homer. The Iliad. The Norton Anthology World Masterpieces. Ed. Sarah Lawall. 7th ed. Vol. 1. W. W. Norton Company. New York, London, 1999. 104-209. Spark Notes the Iliad by Homer Spark Notes edition January 10, 2002 The Norton Anthology of Western Literature, Volume 1 by Sarah Lawall Norton; 8 edition August 15, 2005 Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers by John Schilb Bedford/St. Martin; 3 edition October 25, 2005.

The Frequency Spectrum Allocated By Malaysian Communication Computer Science Essay

The Frequency Spectrum Allocated By Malaysian Communication Computer Science Essay International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000), also known as 3G or 3rd Generation, is the generation standard for mobile phones and telecommunication services. This generation is to meet specifications by the International Telecommunication Union. Various applications exist, including wide-area wireless voice phone, video calls, mobile, mobile TV Internet access and others. The details spectrum for IMT-2000 shows like below: International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT2000) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Upper band: 2110 to 2200 MHz Lower band: 1920 to 2010 MHz Time Division Duplex (TDD) Frequency: 1915 to 1920MHz Frequency: 2010 to 2025MHz Figure 1.1: Frequency spectrum IMT-2000.[2] Global system for mobile communications (GSM) is a second generation cellular telecommunications system was first designed in the 1980 [12]. Compared with the first generation, GSM is more advanced enhancements such as in security, quality, capacity, and the ability to support integrated services. For examples GSM services is GSM-900 and GSM-1800 in which used in the world like Europe, the Middle East, parts of Asia and others country. The details spectrum for GSM900 and GSM1800 shows like below; Global System for Mobile (GSM) in the 900 MHz Band Upper band: 925 to 960 MHz Lower band: 880 to 915 MHz Global System for Mobile System in the 1800 MHz Band Upper band: 1805 to 1880 MHz Lower band: 1710 to 1785 MHz Figure 1.2: Frequency spectrum GSM900.[2] Figure 1.3: Frequency spectrum GSM1800.[2] Summary for Service Operators [ Maxis, Celcom, Digi and U-Mobile]; Service Operator System Standard Frequency Spectrum (MHz) Access Code Commercial Name Service Offered Lower Band Upper Band Maxis Mobile Sdn Bhd GSM 900 GSM 1800 IMT-2000: FDD TDD 880-886, 905-915 1710-1735 1935-1950 2015-2020 925-93, 950-960 1805-1830 2125-2140 012 017 Maxis Voice call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAP Celcom (Malaysia) Berhad GSM 900 GSM 1800 IMT-2000: FDD TDD 888-905 1735-1760 1950-1965 2020-2025 933-950 1830-1855 2140-2155 013 019 Celcom Voice call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAP Digi Telecommunication Sdn Bhd GSM 900 GSM 1800 IMT-2000: FDD TDD 886-888 1760-1785 1965-1980 2010-2015 931-933 1855-1880 2155-2170 010 016 Digi Voice call, SMS, MMS, data plans service, International roaming, WAP U-Mobile Sdn Bhd IMT-2000: FDD TDD 1920-1935 1915-1920 2110-2125 018 U-mobile Voice call, SMS, MMS, WAP Question 2 The Fourth Generation (4G) technology candidates is foreseen most likely to be between Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and Mobile WiMAX using 802.16m standardised by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Distinguish the technical differences between these two technologies and give your opinion on the scenario and deployment of 4G in the near future. Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-Advanced) proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is new standard in networking technology tree move what was once realize GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSxPA networking technologies. It is a project Generation Partnership Project third (3GPP), administered under one name trademark by one of associations in partnership, European Telecommunications Standards Institute. LTE Evolution Figure 2.1: Mobile Technologies Charging The first generation of cellular systems were based on analog standards and are introduced in 80s middle. This with quick to bring to one second generation digitals cellular standard that made use of digital modulation and signal processing. The second generation also led to a technology fragmentation. Once many standard contests exist, however what remains now are two main branches: referred to as GSM and CDMA branches or alternately referred as the 3GPP and 3GPP2 branches. These branches remained separate as they migrated to 3G systems focusing on more efficient voice transport as well providing data-services. LTE originated in the 3GPP standards organization, and a competing specification (EV-DO Rev C) started in the 3GPP2 body as the next evolutionary step. However, the support for EV-DO Rev C has waned and it has now become clear that the 3GPP2 radio interface evolution has effectively ceased, allowing a single cellular technology. Figure 2.2: LTE provides a smooth evolutionary path for operators deploying all 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies. Technology Summary of LTE FDMA on uplink Scale able OFDM on downlink, Single Carrier Variable Spectrum Width from 3 to 20 MHz Up to 64 QAM, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing(SM), LTE- Advanced Will be an evolution of LTE. Therefore LTE-Advanced must be backward compatible with LTE Release 8. Requirements will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda. Should support significantly increased instantaneous peak data rates in order to reach ITU requirements. Primary focus should be on low mobility users. It is required a further improvement of cell edge data rates. Mobile WiMAX using 802.16m standardised by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) IEEE 802.16 is a series of Wireless Broadband standards authored by the IEEE. The current version is IEEE 802.16-2009 amended by IEEE 802.16j-2009. IEEE 802.16 is written by a working group established by IEEE Standards Board in 1999 to develop standards for the global deployment of broadband Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks. The Workgroup is a unit of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee [3]. WiMAX Evolution WiMAX grow almost independently (and in parallel) for cellular standard mentioned earlier. In late 90s, IEEE started a workgroup create one air interface to show multipoint wireless standard broadband. Working group lever DOCSIS (data on interface specification cable service) standard heavily especially in definition MACs layers. Original standard modified into 802.16d in 2004 introduce OFDM as transmission scheme. This standard intended at fixed applications and is sometimes referred to as fixed WiMAX. In 2005, 802.16d further improving to for support for mobility and provide OFDM delivery system scalable. This standard known as 802.16e/ mobile WiMAX. (It should be noted that products based on 802.16d and 802.16e inhering market and both classified as WiMAXs products lead to a few ambiguity on specific standard which is supported-802.16d or 802.16e.) Hope, 802.16e standard expanding to 802.16m which focusing on addition to ventilate interface specifications. This evolution is shown in Figure 2.3. Figure 2.3: WiMAX Evolution Technology Summary of WiMAX Scale able OFDM on downlink and uplink Variable Spectrum Width from 1.25 to 10 MHz Up to 64 QAM, MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing, Beamforming Mobile WiMAX deployed since 2008 IEEE802.16m and Mobile WiMAX Release 2 Lower latency through faster MAC/signaling Higher spectrum efficiency through more advanced and higher order MIMO solutions, including multiuser MIMO as well as lower MAC and PHY overhead. Higher peak and user data rates using wide-band carriers (including 20 MHz) and multicarrier aggregation. Enhanced coverage in high interference environments with improved preamble and control channel. Support for higher mobility through a faster feedback mechanism and link adaption. Flexible spectrum deployments (both FDD and TDD support contiguous bands) The scenario and deployment of 4G in the near future 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to 3G and 2G families of standards. The first was the move from 1981 analog (1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2002, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200  kbit/s, soon expected to be followed by 4G, which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access and multi-carrier transmission. Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been available on the market since 2006 and 2009 respectively. According to the members of the 4G working group, the infrastructure and the terminals of 4G will have almost all the standards from 2G to 4G implemented. Although legacy systems are in place to adopt existing users, the infrastructure for 4G will be only packet-based (all-IP). Some proposals suggest having an open Internet platform. Technologies considered to be early 4G include: Flash-OFDM, the 802.16e mobile version of WiMax (also known as WiBro in South Korea), and HC-SDMA (see iBurst). Question 8 The public cellular service operator in Malaysia are subjected to mandatory standards for Quality of Service (QoS) or Grade of Service (GOS) by Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC). List various parameters and schemes used for providing QoS/GOS in cellular network and discuss their advantages/disadvantages to the subscribers and operators. How can QoS provisioning be managed in the future 4G cellular network? There is two ways to measure the quality of voice services, Grade of Service (GoS) and the Quality of Service (QoS). GOS can be describe as a chances of a call in a circuit group being blocked or delayed for more than a specified interval and can be expressed as a vulgar fraction/decimal fraction. This is likely to happen to the busy hour when the traffic intensity is the greatest. Grade of service can viewed from the perspective of incoming versus outgoing calls, and is not necessarily equal in each direction or between different source-destination pairs. Quality of service (QOS) can also be called as voice grade or program grade which is a single circuit that is designed or conditioned to provide. Equalization for amplification over a specified band of frequency or for this case of digital data transported via analogue circuit can be one of the quality criteria for such circuit. One of the aspects for mobile quality of service in cellular telephone circuits is the probability of abnormal termination of the call. There is a lot of factor can affect the quality of service of the telecommunication network. From the customer`s point of view looking at this QoS can be describe as common phenomena and its judged by the user. However there is a standard metrics of QoS that can be used by the customer to measure the QoS. The coverage, accessibility and the audio quality is the indicator for this quality. For coverage, strength of the signal is measured using test equipment and this can be used to estimate the size of the cell. For accessibility its about determining the ability of the network to handle successful calls from mobile-fixed networks and from mobile-mobile networks. For audio quality it can be considers monitoring a successful for a period of time for the clarity of the communication channel. All these indicators are used by the telecommunications industry to judge the quality of service of the network. QoS provisioning be managed in the future 4G cellular network Nowadays, cellular network operators across the world have seen a rapid growth of mobile usage. Data usage per subscriber is increasing daily in particular and with the introduction of flat-rate tariffs and more advanced mobile devices. Services provider are moving from a single-service offering in the packet-switched domain to a multi-service offering by adding Value added services (VAS) that are also provided across the mobile broadband access. One of the examples of these Services is multimedia telephony and mobile-TV. These kind services have a different performance requirement in terms of the required bit rates and packet delays or any other examples. However solving these performance issues through over-provisioning typical is uneconomical due to the relatively high cost for transmission capacity in cellular access networks which includes radio spectrum and backhaul from the base stations. 4G broadband wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.16e/m and Third Generation Partnershi p Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been designed with different QoS (Quality of Service) frameworks and means to enable delivery of the evolving Internet applications. QoS specifically for evolving Internet applications is a fundamental requirement to provide satisfactory service delivery to users and also to manage network resources. QoS refers to the probability or ability of the network to provide a desired level of service for selected traffic on the network. Service levels are defined in terms of throughput, latency (delay), jitter (delay variation) and packet errors or loss. Different service levels are defined for different types or streams of traffic. To supply QoS, the network identifies different types or streams of traffic and processes these traffic classes differently to achieve (or attempt to achieve) the desired service level for each traffic class. The efficiency of any QoS scheme can be measured based on its ability to achieve the desired service levels for a typical combination of traffic classes. 4G wireless communication systems feel the requirement of transparent and seamless user roaming with end-to-end connectivity. These systems also required higher data rate, higher mobility support and QoS guarantees due to rapid development of wireless and mobile networks. All this requirements is possible for the operators to increase their service portfolio and for the users to experience context-rich and personalized services. Advantages for Subscribers and Operators: Subscribers Know that when the call was busy Users may call for a long time without queuing Easier for users to choose the best mobile phone operator. So, they know which one the operators has the best coverage. Operators Will know when the time is busy and how to solve the problem faster. Always to take the opportunity to improve their network coverage. Disadvantages for Subscribers and Operators: Subscribers Cannot make a call especially during the emergency call. Operators Increase the cost in order to improve the network. Will increase the number of cell in order to handle the large amount of subscribers. SATELLITE COMMUNICATION QUESTION 10 The Very Small Aperture Terminal, VSAT service is becoming more popular in Malaysia. Obtain information on VSAT service operator in Malaysia including examples of application, network topology, user equipments, lease procedure and services offered and their data rate. How can a VSAT system accommodate subscriber that need higher data rate services. Introductions of VSAT A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) is a two-way satellite ground station with a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters (most VSAT antennas range from 75 cm to 1.2 m). VSAT data rates typically range from narrowband up to 4 Mbit/s. VSATs access satellites in geosynchronous orbit to relay data from small remote earth stations (terminals) to other terminals (in mesh configurations) or master earth station hubs (in star configurations). VSAT can be used for data, voice, video or internet applications [10]. It is used to communicate with to link together locations using satellite connectivity. Figure 3.1: A typical VSAT network depicting two way communications from remote terminals through a VSAT satellite to a central hub. MAXIS VSAT VSATs are an ideal means of communication in areas where terrestrial infrastructure is unavailable or unreliable. As such VSAT services are able to bring distant or remote business communities closer by eliminating geographical barriers and challenges that previously existed. This in turn transfers to an increase in productivity and overall cost efficiency for such communities. In addition to providing communication to remote areas, VSATs are also suitable in providing private networks in urban areas for organizations with many geographically dispersed branches that require connectivity to their Headquarters. VSAT services generally offer service reliability and availability that is equal to or higher than terrestrial services. Below are examples of type Maxis VSAT Services that can be used depends on the complexity of the network and the communications requirements; SCPC (Single Carrier Per Channel) Satellite bandwidth is dedicated to a single source. SCPC based design provides a point-to-point technology making it the VSAT equivalent. Supports voice, data, video communications. Advantages; Simple and reliable technologies. Low-cost equipment. Figure 3.2: SkyLine (SCPC) Service hub to remote configuration TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) Is a channel access method for shared medium network. Allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. In Figure 3 (d), all VSATs share satellite resource on a time-slot basis and the remote VSATs also use inroutes for communicating with the hub or TDMA channels. There could be several inroutes associated with one outroute. Several VSATs share one inroute, so it also sharing the bandwidth. Typical inroutes operate at 64 or 128 Kbit/s. Critical to all TDMA schemes is the function of clock synchronization what is performed by the TDMA hub or master earth station. The VSATs may also access the inroute on a fixed assigned TDMA mode, where in each VSAT is allocated a specific time slot or slots. Figure 3.3: Typical SkyNet (TDM/TDMA)-configuration supporting various interactive data applications. ; Summarization of Maxis VSAT Services [6]: Services Service Description Typical Users SkyWayTMVSAT Broadband data and Voice service. Corporations with many branches requiring Broadband Data and telephony. Corporations requiring Internet access. Corporations or communities in remotes areas without telephone connectivity, i.e. plantations, timber camps and remote villages. SkyLine VSAT Dedicated leased line for point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connectivity. Corporations requiring dedicated links for communications between its HQ and branches. SkyLine-Plus VSAT Dedicated leased line with Frame Relay technology for mesh connectivity. Corporations requiring dedicated links for communications between sites within the VSAT network. Gyro-Stabilized VSAT Specialized VSAT service for maritime and offshore oil rigs. Upstream oil and gas corporations Shipping companies. The benefit of Maxis VSAT Services Uniform service quality All sites in the VSAT network receives the same high quality services, whether the location is urban or rural areas. Reach VSAT is a service that available anywhere no matter the place, whether in a remote area, forest or anywhere in the world. High relaibility availability VSAT networks offer high reliability as the points of failure are limited to two points means at any two locations in a communications link. This ensures minimal downtime while the service availability for VSAT networks. Question 11 Global Positioning System, GPS satellite is a navigation satellite that can offer services based on locations. Investigate among the service offered in Malaysia, user hardware and equipments, subscription (if any), and their limitation in term of accuracy. Identify similar service to complement GPS system particularly for mobile and handheld environment. The Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar, is a satellite based navigation system that can be used by anyone with appropriate receiver to pinpoint location on earth. The array of GPS satellites transmits highly accurate, time coded information that permits a receiver to calculate its exact location in terms of the latitude and longitude on earth as well as the altitude above the sea level [10]. GPS was developed by the U.S Air Force for the Department of Defense as a continuous global radio navigation system that all elements of the military services would use for precision navigation. GPS consists of three parts: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment [10]. The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the boosters required to launch them into orbit [10]. The space segment is the constellation of satellites orbiting above the earth. It contains transmitters which send highly accurate timing information to GPS receivers on earth. The receivers may be used on land, sea or air. Figure 4.1: GPS mapping aids are small enough to be mounted on a dashboard or stashed in a backpackers pack. They are popular with boaters too. Figure 4.2: The GPS space segment Figure 4.2 shows the fully implemented GPS consists of 24 main operational satellites plus 3 active space satellites. The satellites are arranged in six orbits, each orbit containing 3 or 4 satellites. User hardware and equipments GPS satellites circle the earth twice a day in a very precise orbit and transmit signal information to earth. GPS receivers take this information and use triangulation to calculate the users exact location. Essentially, the GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the users position and display it on the units electronic map [13]. f A GPS receiver must be locked on to the signal of at least three satellites to calculate a 2D position (latitude and longitude) and track movement. With four or more satellites in view, the receiver can determine the users 3D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Once the users position has been determined, the GPS unit can calculate other information, such as speed, bearing, track, trip distance, distance to destination, sunrise and sunset time and more[13]. The GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-channel design. Garmins 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when first turned on and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings with tall buildings. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin ® GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters on average [13]. Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) capability can improve accuracy to less than three meters on average. No additional equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average of three to five meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal, users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their GPS [13]. GPS satellites transmit two low power radio signals, designated L1 and L2. Civilian GPS uses the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz in the UHF band. The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds, glass and plastic but will not go through most solid objects such as buildings and mountains. A GPS signal contains three different bits of information a pseudorandom code, ephemeris data and almanac data. The pseudorandom code is simply an I.D. code that identifies which satellite is transmitting information. You can view this number on your Garmin GPS units satellite page, as it identifies which satellites its receiving [13]. Ephemeris data, which is constantly transmitted by each satellite, contains important information about the status of the satellite (healthy or unhealthy), current date and time. This part of the signal is essential for determining a position. The almanac data tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite should be at any time throughout the day. Each satellite transmits almanac data showing the orbital information for that satellite and for every other satellite in the system [13]. The service offered in Malaysia /GPS Applications The primary application of the GPS is military and related navigation. GPS is used by all services for ships, aircraft of all sort, and group troops. Civilian uses have also increased dramatically because of the availability of many low-cost portable receivers. Most cavitations applications involve navigation, which is usually marine or aviation- related. Hikers and campers and other outdoors sports enthusiasts also use GPS. Commercial applications include surveying, mapmaking and construction. Vehicle location is a growing application for trucking and delivery companies, taxi, bus and train transportation. Police, fire, ambulance and forest services also use GPS. GPS based navigation systems are now widely available as accessories in cars to provide a continuous readout of current vehicle location. GPS is finding new applications every day. For instance, it is used to keep track of fleets of trunks. A GPS receiver in each trunk transmits its position data by way of a wireless connection, such as a wireless local- area network or cell phone. Many new cell phones contain a GPs receiver that automatically reports the location of the user people makes a 999 call. Most location based services will be used for 999 calls, eventually other location services may be developed for cell phones. Not all cell phones use GPS. Some use a unique triangulation method based on the cell phone being able to be in touch with at least three call sites. Finally, GPS receivers are so inexpensive an accurate that they have led to a new hobby called geocaching. In this sport, one team hides an item or treasure and then gives the other team coordinates to follow to find the treasure within a given time. Limitation in term of accuracy Factors that can degrade the GPS signal and thus affect accuracy include the following: Ionosphere and troposphere delays The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS system uses a built-in model that calculates an average amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error. Signal multipath This occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors. Receiver clock errors A receivers built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight timing errors. Orbital errors Also known as ephemeris errors, these are inaccuracies of the satellites reported location. Number of satellites visible The more satellites a GPS receiver can see, the better the accuracy. Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage can block signal reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all. GPS units typically will not work indoors, underwater or underground. Satellite geometry/shading This refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other. Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping. Similar service to complement GPS system particularly for mobile and handheld environment. GPS-enabled Cell Phones Motorola and Blackberry were the first GPS-enable phones to proliferate the United States. Initially, MotorolaiDEN phones were commonly used for employee tracking on the business-oriented Nextel network. Then GPS enabled Blackberry phones, once used almost exclusively by corporate and government VIPs, began to penetrate the consumer market stimulated by the demand for phones with advanced messaging capability. Next came specialty devices produced under the names of Disney Mobile and Wherify Wireless targeting use by children and elderly. Now in 2009, a variety of GPS-enabled phones and tracking services are available, as you can see from the ads on this page. Locating People in an Emergency Stimulated by the events of 11 September 2001, the demand for enhanced 911 (e911) emergency calling capabilities pushed forward GPS tracking technology in cell phones. At the end of 2005, all cell phone carriers were required to provide the ability to trace cell phone calls to a location within 100 meters or less. Wireless Networks Your phone may have GPS and know exactly where it is, but it cant tell anyone else where you are unless you are connected to a wireless network. Here in the United States, the wireless networks used for GPS tracking are primarily those operated by cell phone carriers. It is not likely that you as an individual will negotiate network access with a carrier. It is more likely that you will select a solution including a cell phone provisioned to communicate in a certain way on a specific wireless network. List below are some carriers recommended for use with GPS cell phones and services. T-Mobile / Cingular / ATT The Global System for Mobile (GSM) communications as adopted by these carriers represents the network with the largest coverage footprint. Roaming agreements between these carriers provide end users with service throughout the country. GSM is also the prominent cellular network abroad. Sprint / Nextel, not so much because of coverage, but because of their emphasis on data. Nextel has created their own data formats and communication protocols for high bandwidth mobile electronics applications. This company, who gave new meaning to the term walkie-talkie, provides the most flexibility for the communication of GPS data between cell phones and location-based service pro

Insomnia Essay -- essays research papers

Insomnia How many times during the night do we toss and turn, check the clock, and find it ticking away and tell ourselves, "If I could fall asleep right now I would get at least five hours of sleep"? But, sleep doesn't come so we continue to toss and turn. This happens to many people and may suffer from a disorder known as insomnia. People who suffer from this disorder have many complaints, and many have similar symptoms. Symptoms can vary from stress to pain to always feeling tired. Insomnia is a very difficult disease to have to live with. It is hard for both those that suffer from it and their family members. According to Linde and Savaley's, The Sleep Book, (1974), "the person who has trouble sleeping is not alone" (p. 9). They also claim, "An estimated thirty million people suffer from chronic insomnia" (p.9). Many non-insomniacs have occasional periods when they wonder if they'd make it through a sleepless night. Many insomniacs can't fall asleep because of pain and discomfort. Those that can fall asleep but can't stay asleep might be caused from depression, or too many things to worry about. In Ernest Hartmann's The Sleeping Pill (1978) some causes of insomnia (p. 113). He states that pain and discomfort do indeed play an important part in the difficulty remaining asleep. For those having difficulty remaining asleep might be because of depression or having too much to worry about. In Linde and Savary's, The Sleep Book (1974), Dr. Dale C. Friend claims, "insomnia can be classified by four causes: tension, fatigue, discomfort, and in and out insomnia" (p. 100). Tension insomnia occurs mostly in executives or people who worry about their businesses. Tension builds up inside during the day and is still inside at bedtime, it won't come out, so they tend to worry and are not able to go tot sleep. Fatigue insomnia happens when people who get tired during the day and then they take a nap in the early afternoon and as a result they cannot go to sleep at bedtime. People suffering from discomfort insomnia often complain of stomach upsets, such as ulcers, toothaches, or arthritis. This causes them to wake up during the night, which gives them discomfort. In and out insomnia occurs when patients feel that they didn't sleep at all during the night when they really did, but only stayed in the first stages of light sleep ... ... our minds and ourselves. We need to exercise right, at appropriate times, sleep at the right time and never get ourselves so stressed out that we can't sleep at night. Insomnia can affect a person really fast and it's hard to get rid of this disorder without a lot of effort. If we follow the advice given here, we will have an easier life. References Eddy, M.; & Walbroehl, G. (1999) Practical therapeutics : insomnia. American Academy of Family Physicians [Online] Expanded Academic Index. Available www.web6.infotrac.galegroup.com Hartmann, E. (1978). The sleeping pill. New Haven and London: Yale university press Linde, S.; & Savary, L. (1974) The sleep book New York NY: Harper and Row Mendelson, W.B. (1977). Human sleep and it's disorders New York NY: Plenum Press President and Fellows of Harvard College (1998, Dec. 1). Insomnia: Get a good nights sleep. Harvard health letter [Online] Expanded Academic Index Available.www.web6.infotrac.galegroup.com Roberts, S. (1999, April 1) Ten tips for better sleep. American family physicians p.1911(1). [Online] Expanded Academic Index. Available. www.web6.infotrac.galegroup.com

Preliminary Design of a Robot :: Robotics

Preliminary Design Though my prototype serves the same function as the production version will, the production version will visually be a totally different robot. While testing my robot, I identified numerous problems the design of my prototype that could not easily have been fixed. To fix these problems, completely new materials will be required as well. Since it is likely that my robot would be used by disabled people(most probably with poor motor control), it is necessary that the robot is durable, and safe to use. The outer shell will be made out of aluminum, since it is a relatively light and cheap metal. It is important that the robot weighs as little as possible, so it does not require large motors, which will increase the cost and overall size of the robot. Since aluminum often has sharp edges, the robot will be covered in padding to reduce the risk of injury from operation, and act as a shock absorber if the robot is struck by an object or dropped. The other, more obvious difference will be that the real version of my robot will be controlled by a circuit board, instead of an RCX control brick. This will allow the use of many different sensors and motors, and surprisingly will also be considerably cheaper. The other important difference is that the real version of my robot will write using a robotic arm instead of moving as whole. However, the robot will still be able to move for convenience. Just like the RCX, it will have computer connectivity, except that it will have a wired connection for higher speed and lower cost. Materials and Prototype Design Parts List: Many standard Lego parts 3 Motors 8, 16, 24, and 40-tooth gears One Touch Sensor 1 RCX 1 Black Crayola Marker My robot is divided into 3 basic parts (not including the RCX brick). Below the RCX, brick, I have the standard wheel structure with the standard gear configuration. There are eighttooth gears on both motors, connected to the wheels with forty-tooth gears for maximum torque. I have also used the standard medium-sized, flat tires in the front since they perform well. However, there are no rear wheels; Instead, the back of my robot is supported by bare forty-tooth gears, which has caused no problems. The reason why I have this odd wheel setup is because I originally built legs for my robot, but switched to wheels after finding that the legs had extremely little traction. The second, and most complicated part of my robot is the marker-lowering mechanism. This mechanism is comprised of a motor, a very large set of gears, and a platform that slides on

After Goodnight Mister Tom Creative Writing

Thick clouds of smoke and ash billowed from the chimneys of every factory as far as the eye could see. The factories all looked the same, tall grey box-like structures erected from the ground. There was no color here. No happiness. It had been 7 years since last came to the city. I never wanted to come back, thought the memories would be too painful, but Mr.. Tom made me come. He said it would be good for me to get over my past. As I looked around, I remembered back to when the station was full of soldiers going off to the war. The bombing had clearly taken its toll on the city.It had been nearly a year since the end of the war and many factories were still damaged. Had become so accustom to the country life that I forgot what the city was like, what is smelled like, what it tasted like. I never thought would be returning to the city where so many bad memories took place. I walked down the station platform to a bench, the same bench where I found my mother that last time I arrived he re, it looked to be the very same bench, even after all these years. The city had changed so much, it seemed to be the only thing that hadn't, and everything was much more boring and plain. Liked down the street looking at all the factories and buildings. The further walked the smaller the buildings became, until they were just houses on the outskirts of the city. I turned down the street of where I used to stay. I stopped outside an old house. My house. This is where was abused, told I was useless and that nobody cares for me, this is where my mother left me. I never lived here, it was only a home in which I slept and ate. To me, my home is, and always will be, in Little Weirdo. As the sky began to darken, the autumn leaves glowed a bright orange in the twilight. A red overlay covered the city.The sun a rich red and clouds a bright pink. I turned away and started to look for a place to sleep, an inn. As the last light faded, the sky became a dark blue, the stars twinkling in the ni ght sky and the cool night air whistling in through the open window. I sat down my things in the room and laid on the bed. Tomorrow I will go visit the rest of London, to see what has changed, or what hasn't. I will visit the school where used to go, maybe it's still open. Maybe it's not even there, blown up like the rest of the buildings seemed to be. Darkness overcame me and heaviness filled my eyelids, the strength to hold them open had long left me.

Afghanistan and Turkic States

Turkmenistan formerly also known as  Turkmenia  (Russian: ), is one of the  Turkic states  in  Central Asia. Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the  Soviet Union, theTurkmen Soviet Socialist Republic  (Turkmen SSR). Turkmenistan is one of the six independent  Turkic states. It is bordered byAfghanistan  to the southeast,  Iran  to the south and southwest,  Uzbekistan  to the east and northeast,  Kazakhstan  to the north and northwest and the  Caspian Sea  to the west. Turkmenistan's GDP growth rate of 11% in 2010  ranks 4th in the world, but these figures are subject to wide margins of error. 5]It possesses the world's fourth largest reserves of natural gas resources. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the  Karakum (Black Sand) Desert. The Turkmen government operates as a  single-party system. [6]  Turkmenistan was ruled by  President for Life  Saparmurat Niyazov  (c alled â€Å"Turkmenbasy† — â€Å"leader of the Turkmens†) until his sudden death on 21 December 2006. Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov  was elected the new president on 11 February 2007.The territory of Turkmenistan has a long history, as armies from one empire after another decamped there on their way to more prosperous territories. The region's written history begins with its conquest by the  Achaemenid Empire  of ancient Persia, as the region was divided between the  satrapies  of  Margiana,  Khorezm  and  Parthia. [citation needed] Alexander the Great  conquered the territory in the 4th century  BC  on his way to  Central Asia, around the time that the  Silk Roadwas established as a major trading route between  Asia  and the  Mediterranean Region. citation needed] Approximately 80 years later, Persia's  Parthian Kingdom  established its capital in  Nisa, now in the suburbs of the capital,Ashgabat. After replacement of the P arthian empire by Persian Sassanids, another native Iranian dynasty, the region remained territory of the Persian empire for several centuries. [7] In the 7th century AD,  Arabs  conquered this region, introducing  Islam. The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of  Greater Khorasan, when the caliph  Al-Ma'mun  moved his capital to  Merv. citation needed] In the middle of the 11th century, the  Turkoman-ruled  Seljuk Empire  concentrated its strength in the territory of modern Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into  Khorasan  (modernAfghanistan). The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when  Genghis Khan  took control of the eastern  Caspian Sea  region on his march west. For the next seven centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant inter-tribal wars. Little is documented of Turkmen history prior to  Russian  engagement.

Marketing Creating and Capturing Customer Value

Yoking Chem.. Struck is the coffee icon people either love it, hate it, need it, or you wouldn't be caught dead there. Among the reasons to love: Struck gave us coffee language † or shamed us into it, depending on who you ask † turned the masses into espresso junkies and offers travelers a constant presence all over the world. Among the reasons to hate Struck: It's making us fatter, turned espresso drinks into fast food and gave us its own coffee language. According to the article at the washcloth. Mom, † reasons why I hate Struck†, the author wrote the 5 reasons are 1, Overpriced products, 2, Their marketing angle is to appeal to vain rich people, 3, Anyone who feeds you addictive chemicals is not your friend, 4, They pay their workers poorly, 5. They force their workers to dress and act like slave. But I feel some economic fallacies behind this particular article, for arguing their CEO earns too much, or their workers deserve more money is ludicrous. The wor kers are being paid for their services; it's not an easy Job to be the CEO.However, Struck as one of the most successful company in the world, they must have their reasons to be so persuasive, and make people love it. According to the Article â€Å"5 Reasons Why Struck Is so persuasive† The author wrote about his thoughts on why Struck Is so persuasive without any advertising on television or magazines. Reason 1 – They create an experience when you walk Into a store; 2 – The baristas and others who work here really seem to enjoy their Jobs; 3 – Something that stands out about Struck Is how easily recognizable Its cups are; 4 – the convenience of Struck app; 5- The convenience of drive through service Marketing Creating and Capturing Customer Value Yoking Chem.. Struck is the coffee icon people either love it, hate it, need it, or you wouldn't be caught dead there. Among the reasons to love: Struck gave us coffee language † or shamed us into it, depending on who you ask † turned the masses into espresso junkies and offers travelers a constant presence all over the world. Among the reasons to hate Struck: It's making us fatter, turned espresso drinks into fast food and gave us its own coffee language. According to the article at the washcloth. Mom, † reasons why I hate Struck†, the author wrote the 5 reasons are 1, Overpriced products, 2, Their marketing angle is to appeal to vain rich people, 3, Anyone who feeds you addictive chemicals is not your friend, 4, They pay their workers poorly, 5. They force their workers to dress and act like slave. But I feel some economic fallacies behind this particular article, for arguing their CEO earns too much, or their workers deserve more money is ludicrous. The wor kers are being paid for their services; it's not an easy Job to be the CEO.However, Struck as one of the most successful company in the world, they must have their reasons to be so persuasive, and make people love it. According to the Article â€Å"5 Reasons Why Struck Is so persuasive† The author wrote about his thoughts on why Struck Is so persuasive without any advertising on television or magazines. Reason 1 – They create an experience when you walk Into a store; 2 – The baristas and others who work here really seem to enjoy their Jobs; 3 – Something that stands out about Struck Is how easily recognizable Its cups are; 4 – the convenience of Struck app; 5- The convenience of drive through service

Sop for Mba

Biomedical Technology | Born and raised in India but now living in Chicago, I am a young man who is deeply engaged with the crossover between biochemical and biomedical research, on the one hand, and business realities on the other. My long term goal is to become an independent researcher with my own business in the area of biochemistry and biochemical research. I feel that I have already distinguished myself as a physical scientist, and now I seek the other leg upon which my long term goal is based.I especially look forward to studying in the GSB in the areas of marketing and finance as well as social responsibility and progressive political agendas in the business world. I completed my undergraduate and Master’s level studies in my native India. Then I came to XXXX University where I completed my Ph. D. in Chemistry in December of 2005. This, of course, is the single strongest aspect of my application because of the utility of this terminal scientific degree for the business world, staying abreast of the business aspects of scientific developments in chemistry and micro- biology.I am also very pleased to have received the Doctoral Dissertation Completion Award in March, 2005, based on evaluations by an interdepartmental committee of faculty members. I have authored two research papers coming out of my doctoral dissertation in 2006 that were published in the journal Biochemistry. I am the first author of both articles. Currently, I have the privilege of serving as a post doctoral research associate in the Hematology/Oncology Division of the Department of Medicine at the University of Chicago.I am also pursuing research on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and expect to receive funding from a private funding agency by next year. Two manuscripts from my postdoctoral work are in the pipeline. I will be the first author on one of the two papers. I am industrious and intelligent, with a sound educational background and a GPA of 3. 82. In fact, I am tenaciou s, and capable of a career that offers great challenges. I feel strongly that Loyola is the best place to prepare myself for making the greatest possible contribution to society through the promotion of biomedical research.With my own company my dream is to develop a specific concentration on only the most clinically relevant research. There are various reasons why XXXX’s GSB is my first choice. Most basically, I live in Chicago and I also like the flexibility of your program, but it goes far beyond that. I would feel especially privileged to become associated with your programs emphasis on the importance of values-based decision-making since business ethics and social responsibility stand at the center of my research curiosity.Nowhere, of course, is the need for social responsibility any greater than in the area of biochemistry. Your GSB Program will provide me with the solid foundation that I will need to someday manage my own business and to integrate business disciplines in increasingly creative ways that allow me to give full vent to my inspiration. I also identify with XXXX’s GSB in the focus on business issues in a global context. I ask for you help in becoming one of the highly responsible and morally sound business leaders of tomorrow in the field of biochemistry. I want to thank you for consideration of my application.

English as Essay – Homosexuality in Vernon God Little

Explore Pierre’s presentation of ideas concerning homosexuality and teenagers in Vernon God Little. In the novel, ‘Vernon God Little’ by DCB Pierre we see the presentation of teenage life and also homosexuality through the characters of Vernon Little and Jesus Navarro. As the book was published eight years prior to us reading it, the views Pierre presents could be different to our own. Also, Pierre’s age and up bringing add to the way he portrays different aspects of life. I believe that in ‘Vernon God Little’ Pierre presents teenagers as rude, bad mannered and impatient and homosexuals in a negative light.We are introduced to Vernon’s character whilst he is in prison. Pierre’s lexis tells us straight away that Vernon is a teenager as ‘Don’t even try to guess who stood all Tuesday night in the road. Clue: snotty ole Mrs. Lechuga’ page 1. The colloquial language creates a sense of childishness, which is enhanced by the insults describing Mrs. Lechuga. The word ‘ole’ suggests that Vernon believes everyone to be old in contrast to him. This is shown throughout the novel as Pierre repeats the insult.Also, Pierre’s use of the colon represents how Vernon did not wait for an answer, but instead carries on his trail of thought, pointing towards an impatient nature which is associated with teenagers. This technique is shown again on the same page when Vernon is thinking back to ‘that ole black guy who was in the news last winter’ page 1. This story is also used to show Vernon’s discomfort in his current situation. Pierre cleverly uses the story so Vernon can avoid talking about his own situation, as if ignoring it will make it disappear.This can be linked with Jesus’ philosophical question to Vernon at the end of chapter two ‘that if things don’t happen unless you see them happening. ’ page 18. This signifies teenage attitude as th ey are both trying to shift the guilt and the blame- Jesus with the massacre he commits and Vernon with the fact he is wrongly in prison. Another essential moment to show teenage attitude is when Vernon is contemplating whether or not to phone Taylor. To decide a conclusion he flips a coin ‘it comes down heads which means I call her in Houston immediately. page 154. Pierre uses this technique to show the reader how Vernon is trying to shift any pressure he can as he is finding it hard to deal with being on the run and the death of his school mates. Furthermore, at the end of chapter one, suspicions begin to arise about Vernon’s sexuality ‘Regular boy then, are you son? Like your cars, and your guns? And your-girls? ’ page 10. Pierre’s choice of the word ‘regular’ shows the reader that the Martirio society is not accepting of homosexuals.This is supported by the homophobic attacks that people have had to suffer for years. In the past thre e years, one in five gay people have been subjected to homophobic hate crime (found http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2008/jun/26/equality. gayrights) . Pierre also uses rhetorical questions here and does not give Vernon time to answer any questions except the one about girls. This suggests the idea that the interviewer was only interested in Vernon’s sexuality. This accusation adds strain to Vernon’s character as he is trying to be a ‘regular’ teenager.Vernon also keeps changing his middle name throughout the novel; this shows that he is having trouble accepting himself and also the situation that he is in. The way the name constantly changes is a metaphor for how society and Vernon’s situation keeps changing. For example, on page 2 Pierre calls him ‘Vernon Genius Little’. In context we see that Vernon mocks himself here which enhances the struggle for identity and how he is being punished for being different. Subsequently, we are a ble to see that Pierre uses his characters to question homosexuality, but he never has them ask about sexuality straight out.Instead they avoid the subject which is a reflection of society’s reaction towards homosexuality in 2003 – when the novel was published. A good example of this is when Vernon is being interviewed on page 10 ‘Examine Little’s clothes did you? ’ ‘Undergarments? ’ Pierre is also able to portray the communities view on homosexuality through the character of Barry Gurie. At the end of chapter six, Gurie is questioning Vernon and starts teasing him about Jesus and his pending sexuality – ‘You aint tossin the ham javelin all night long, thinkin of your meskin boy? Grr-hrr-hrr’ Page 60.Pierre’s use of vulgar imagery illustrates how the community feels towards homosexuality. The potential rejection adds to Vernon’s struggle for identity. The laughter at the end of the line indicates the pe ople in the community do not take homosexuality or teenagers seriously and think of them as things to laugh at. In the second chapter, Pierre introduces Jesus Navarro during a flashback of Vernon’s. The first accusation of his sexuality is how ‘they found him wearing silk panties’ page 16. This is very effeminate and leads reader to question his sexuality.Pierre also tells us how Jesus’ father instantly denies that his son wore the lingerie by choice- ‘his ole man says the cops planted them on him’ Page 16. The way Pierre mentions Mr. Navarro’s outrage at the underwear but not the loss of his son or the massacre could also symbolise how the community finds fault in Jesus as a person without paying respect to his life. It is symbolic of how people instantly find fault in others. Chapter two also subtly points out how Jesus was being sexually abused by Marion Nuckles and Dr. Goosens- ‘Nuckles recommended his to a shrink. Jesus got w orse after that. Page 17. Pierre’s use of a short sentence creates a sense of worry. It allows the reader to understand that Vernon was worried about Jesus without having to vocalise it. This relates back to Vernon’s pride and how teens are perceived as not caring and shouldn’t talk about their feelings. The allegations of Jesus’ abuse are confirmed at the end of the novel in the form of his suicide note-‘you sed it was love you batsards’ Page 275. The wrong spellings suggest that Jesus was uneducated which is a stereotype of those from other cultures forced to learn our own culture.Also the use of the word ‘bastards’ means a child born out of wedlock and Pierre used it here as it symbolises the bad relationships shared between Jesus and the elder men. The note is important to the plot as it seals that fate of Nuckles and Goosens. It shows that the police are able to prosecute Nuckles and Goosens. In conclusion, I feel that Pierr e perceives homosexuality in a bad light. This is because the three characters that were openly homosexual – Jesus, Nuckles and Goosens – do not get the stereotypical ‘happy ever after’ like the other characters.This could show that society’s prejudice views can manipulate people’s minds and force them to go to extreme lengths. He also presents teenagers in both good and bad ways which indicates that not every teenager is the same and Pierre could not pin point a single action which defined every single person. this is because teenagers are misunderstood by other people and Pierre wanted to reflect that in his writing. Bibliography: Pierre, DBC, Vernon God Little, 2003 FF Faber AQA Exploring Literature AS and A Level http://www. guardian. co. uk/society/2008/jun/26/equality. gayrights 1205 words

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Philosophy - Essay Example He prioritizes the realistic form of visual arts rather than the abstract form (Wolff 323). There are different points in the view presented by Tolstoy. The view regarding the importance of the representation and expression of culture and morality in the artworks is a very important aspect of viewing the significance of art. This can be attributed to the fact that the artworks being a product of human being’s creativity and experiences can ultimately represent his true nature. Culture and norms encapsulate the experiences of human beings. Thus, what Tolstoy expressed in his view is correct. On the other hand, the definition of art cannot be limited by the number of people who can relate and appreciate the price of artwork. When he Tolstoy said that the best art is the most widely accessible art because it can better communicate with audience, he limits the capability of the people who observes the artwork to realism. He is right about the subjectivity of beauty but he can be wrong because his view stressed the failed to recognize that viewing art is subjective. Even the culture and morality that he is using as a guideline for his judgment can be subjective. In conclusion then, if Tolstoy is right about judging that the best art is the most widely accessible ones, why do surrealists and other unconventional artists still being appreciated? It is because their works also mirror the realities of life. Every product of human creativity on a personal point of view represents culture, thus, even in the absence of beauty or reality in the picture that is painted, it is still considered as art. Being the best or the worst art is judged only by subjectivity of the Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 19 Philosophy - Essay Example Humans therefore must carry out all actions and functions that make them into human beings and distinguish them from animals. Aristotle concludes that what distinguishes human beings from animals is their capacity of rational thinking. We are therefore happy as human beings when we do well what makes us human and distinguishes us from other species. But to seek happiness and fulfillment is not all that makes us human – human beings are also inherently very social beings and are political animals (Politics I.2) who seek to live in communities. Aristotle thinks that the state is the highest form of community, but at this point we should bear in mind that at his time the form of state and government Aristotle was most familiar with was the Greek polis, or city state, a relatively small entity both in geographic terms and in terms of population size. To Aristotle the polis encompasses all other human associations, from the family nucleus to clans to trade associations. A polis must have a constitution by which the lives of all citizens are organized and it must have a ruler, or law giver. It is important that the polis aims to achieve the highest good for all its citizens. In turn, as human beings are political animals, they can only achieve the good life by organizing themselves as citizens in a state. Citizenship may include holding a public office or serving as an administrator, but always includes some form of direct involvement and service rendered to the polis. Aristotle has three steps in mind, according to the age of a citizen: at a young age a citizen should serve as a soldier to defend his state, in middle age he should hold a public or administrative office and as an older citizen he should carry out religious duties. Citizens should be awarded for their efforts depending how much they have contributed to the running of the state. Aristotle warns against excess in any form and advocates moderation and inclusiveness. The rich and the poor should

Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case - Assignment Example Cineplex had the advantage to show specialty movies, in particular foreign art films that could not be shown in large theaters with reasonable profit margin. The basic purpose of existence of Cineplex was not to compete with the large theaters but to develop a new market that to some extent does not exist. All the screens in the Cineplex presented a compelling picture of profit margins that show a success of the newly developed idea. After the comeback from the verge of bankruptcy Drabinsky has the possession over one of the North America’s major theater chains. The market was diversifying at that time and TV channels were eating the market share by showing the movies with the comfort of home. Drabinsky was concerned with this situation and decided to change the perception of moviegoers by enhancing the movie going experience in theaters. The enhancements were brought regarding the renovation of theaters. At first the uniformly drab design of Cineplex was abandoned that was common in most theater chains, introduced the art work in the lobbies, lush woolen carpet spread over the marble floors of theater and also incurred some other changes in the physical structure of theater. The screening auditorium featured scientifically countered seats, digital background music, and state of the art projection systems. One more new idea was introduced; it was real buttered popcorn in the concession stands and cafes th at offered freshly brewed cappuccino. With the introduction of such changes in its theaters, Drabinsky changed the face of film exhibition. This stand gave a sustained competitive advantage for a long time to the Cineplex. Drabinsky continuously focused on innovations and new ideas implementation in the business structure. He was always looking to increase the power of the company by consistent increase in the market share, new market development or market expansion etc. Continuously increasing market share was his main concern. Drabinsky had

Sacred Texts, Major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sacred Texts, Major - Essay Example Habel, O'Donoghue, Maddox (1993) say that sacred texts of Islam include the Holy Quran where it holds higher than the primary importance in Islam. The second most important sacred text in Islam is Hadith. Quran holds the highest importance as it is firmly believed that Holy Quran is the word of God and these were the words truly revealed on the last Prophet. Muslim all around the world believe the Holy Quran as the most sacred word of God. Hadith is sacred text that holds an importance secondary to the Holy Quran. Hadith is not just one book in fact this is the compilation of many books representing the sayings of the Last Prophet as well as the sayings of the caliphs in that era including many other followers to Last prophet. Gordon (2002) says that the word Quran in the literal sense means "To recite" when the word is looked out for meanings in Arabic language. The word recite is the first command that was delivered to the Lat Prophet by angel Gabriel. Recitation is the fact strongly associated with the Holy Quran. The Holy Quran not only holds a highest authority in all the religious matters for all the Muslims around the world but Holy Quran has also been holding the first priority for consultation in all legal matters. All Muslims believe firmly that Holy Quran is a complete guide for life which not only has the religious matters and issues complied in one book but also the ways to pas life are also present within the most sacred book. Habel, O'Donoghue, Maddox (1993) discusses that it is resolutely held by all Muslims that Holy Quran is a written word of God which is unblemished thus without any errors being perfect in every sense. It is held that the Holy Quran is a flawless record of all the revelations that had been made by angel Gabriel to the last Prophet. The timeline that has been described in texts for these revelation spans from 610 A.D till 632 A.D. It is said that the length of Quran is approximately the same as Christian New Testament having 114 Surahs. The arrangement of these Surahs is from longest Surah to the shortest Surah. Surahs have been classified as Meccan or Medinan and this depends on the Surah's origin. Message in the Quran is spread by means of some literary frameworks and literary devices. There is Arabic text in Holy Quran which is composed of thematic structures that make the reader recall the message. As the text of Holy Quran is considered to be perfect so many scholars regard the Holy text to be the criteria to teach Arabic language. The literary readers believe that Quran has the most rhymed sequence of Arabic language. Moreover the verses of the Holy Quran reflect directness, intimacy thereby asking the reader the same question as to what will be of value after this life. Functions in community Gordon (2002) says that the Muslim community regards the Holy Quran as the word of God and thereby it is the only reliable word to follow to make the dealings in life. Muslims believe that the sacred word has the solution to every problem in life thereby recitation of the Holy Quran can lead to solutions. All the social and the legal issues are considered to be solved by consulting the Holy Quran. Significant features of Muslim tradition Here in this