Sleep Deprivation And False Memories Essay - 1403 Words

The article Sleep deprivation and false memories reported two studies, but only study one will be summarized here. The study done here is to see if amount of sleep is associated to false memories. This study is a correlational study because it is looking for the association of natural occurring variables (i.e. the amount of sleep one gets). The independent variable of this study is the amount of sleep the participants had, either they were sleep deprived or not. The dependent variable is whether or not they had false memories. The participants were made up of one hundred ninety-three undergraduates from the University of California, Irvine, 76% of which were female and 24% were male. The participants were divided into two different groups based on their self-reported sleep duration only on the night prior to the study session. The participants who reported five or fewer hours of sleep were put in the restricted sleep group, those with more than five hours were put into the reference group. Neither group differed meaningfully on age, gender, race-ethnicity etc. The amount of sleep was self-reported by participants using a sleep diary. In the sleep diary participants would note the time they got into bed, how long it took them to fall asleep, the number and duration of awakenings during the night, what time they awoke, and what time they got out of bed. Misinformation or false memory was evaluated in a few different phases. In the first phase the participants took part in aShow MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation And False Memories1559 Words   |  7 PagesPatihis, Loftus, Lewis and Fenn’s (2014) article titled â€Å"Sleep Deprivation and False Memories sought out to explanation how sleep deprivation can have a role in an individual’s cognitive function. One-way researchers went about unraveling this particular question was to uncover the invisible knowledge relating the formation of false memories with sleep deprivation. Two experiments were executed diving into the many ways that sleep deprivation can affect a person’s thou ghts and general decisions, usingRead MoreA False Memory Is The Recollection Of An Event That Never1361 Words   |  6 PagesA false memory is the recollection of an event that never occurred. Formation of false memories happens due to a variety of factors, including hypnosis, source confusion, and suggestion (Gray and Bjorklund, 2014). Another cause is simply imagining the occurrence of an event, and over time it becomes believed that this event actually happened. This phenomenon is known as the imagination inflation effect. Previous research indicated that telling individuals that an event happened to them during theirRead MoreWhy We Sleep- The Pending Mystery 731 Words   |  3 Pagesinto the field of sleep research. However, these discoveries are still far from being complete. Considering that an individual spends about one-third of their life sleeping, there is much more that still needs to be discovered concerning this topic. General Information Sleep is basically a state of physical inactivity and mental rest in which conscious awareness, thoughts, and voluntary movements do not occur. During sleep, irregular and unpredictable dreaming also takes place. Sleep is a very activeRead MoreCause And Effect Of Sleep Deprivation1109 Words   |  5 PagesPrice 1 Kyle Price Prof. Bridget McIntrye English 101 27 Feb 2016 Cause/Effect Essay Sleep deprivation is becoming an increasing problem many Americans deal with every day. Getting sleep is one of the basic needs. People are finding it harder and harder to get more of due to the fact that they are busy. With things like jobs, school, sports, family, and other commitments; people just don’t have time to get the sleep they need without not having a life. These things can affect the body with drivingRead MoreSleep Deprivation Is A Wide Spread Phenomenon1277 Words   |  6 PagesSleep is one of our most basic physiological needs and getting enough of it is paramount to keeping our bodies and minds functioning at optimal performance. The amount of sleep needed varies and decreases by age. From 12-18 hours needed by a newborn to 7-9 hours needed by a health adult. The basal sleep need varies by individual with some people requiring more or less sleep than others (Czeisler 2014). When an individual does not get enough sleep they enter a state of sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivationRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Memory1055 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is essential for optimal human function. In fact, a lack of sleep can actually affect important cognitive functions, like memory. A 2007 study added to the already substantial evidence that even acute total sleep deprivation impairs attentiveness, working memory, and reaction time in various tasks (Alhola, Polo-Kantola). One such way to further this investigation of the effects of sleep deprivation on memory is through the Memory Interference Test, or MIT. MIT is a program designed by GastonRead MoreWhy We Need Sleep1376 Words   |  6 PagesWe Need Sleep Sleep is a very important aspect of our lives and people rely on it to re-energize them so they can continue onto the next day. Although sleep is thought to conserve energy it actually drains your metabolism by 5-10%. However, sleep is very beneficial to humans. Sleeping progresses the bodies’ growth and rejuvenates the immune, skeletal, nervous and muscular systems. Sleep also improves short-term memory, mood, efficiency, concentration, and it is actually believed that sleep also helpsRead MoreRegulatory Behavior Paper1392 Words   |  6 Pagesin the field of medicine to this day do not have a â€Å"complete picture† of each of the working details of the human nervous system. Of these different mechanisms, perhaps the one most riddled with speculation, is the mechanism of sleep. In discussing regulatory process, sleep is perhaps one of the most essential to the healthy upkeep of the human nervous system. This process is such a necessary behavior that without it, the nervous system, and the overall health of the individual in question can becomeRead MoreTorture: Why It Should Stop800 Words   |  4 Pagesmind of the victim, but also can hurt the inflictor. If there is proof that torture is useless, why do we still use it? Torture should not be used to get information out of prisoners because of the risk of false information, enemy resistance and utter uselessness. Tortured prisoners give false information. One writer writes â€Å"Many survivors of torture report that they would have said anything to make the torture stop.† (Mayer, 2005; McCoy, 2006) Another says that â€Å"We had people who were willing toRead MoreWhat Is A False Memory?2142 Words   |  9 PagesCherry, K. (2016, March 19). What Is a False Memory? Retrieved April 30, 2016, from https:// www.verywell.com/what-is-a-false-memory-2795193 This webpage presents false memory at a glance. The webpage covers topics relating specifically to false memory, such as the definitions, causes, impacts, and who is affected. The author distinguishes false memory from other forms of memory fallibility. Also, the author indicates the various factors that influence false memory like misinformation, misattribution

Two Men and a Truck Free Essays

After reading the case study Two Men and a Truck, I have concluded that the motivational theory used by Mary Ellen Sheets was the goal setting theory. When using the goal-setting theory, employees are motivated when they have a specific goal to complete. Mary Ellen sheets set these goals and encouraged her franchises. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Men and a Truck or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her goal was to have all the franchises have a good experience considering that this is an industry known to cause stress. Two Men has a computer lab where the franchisers are able to check their colleagues spending patterns as well as communicate with each other. This allows them to see what is working and what is not, to help them to be successful. Mary Ellen Sheets business approach to creating high-performing teams within the company was to create consistency within the company. She created Stick Men University, which allowed the franchise owners as well as their employees to learn everything that she has learned. This includes learning the basics such as answering a prospective client’s first call to shaking their hand after the job is completed. Mary Ellen Sheets went as far as building a two-story house at the University to help the franchise owners and employees simulate moving challenges and work through them. After reading the case study Siemens, I have concluded that the motivational theory used by Klaus Kleinfeld was the job enrichment theory. When using this theory, employees who have control over how they performed their job or how they manage their job, are motivated to work better. Klaus Kleinfeld negotiated with the employees to work flexible shifts. He explained to them that this would help to accomplish the work more quickly and cost effectively. By accomplishing this goal, the company would make more money. This would then give the employees more money and job security. These are two big motivators, which would have employee’s performance increase. Klaus Kleinfeld’s approach to creating high-performing teams within Siemans was to encourage the employees to work together to get the job done. Many companies are outsourcing jobs to other countries as a more cost efficient option. Klaus Kleinfeld knew it was important for the employees to work together to be able become more cost efficient. This would allow them to keep their jobs instead of their jobs moving to another country. Klaus was able to motivate the employees to pull together, because he was very open with communication with the employees. He would answer emails from employees immediately, even if it were late at night. This type of leadership is what allowed him to be able to accomplish this. How to cite Two Men and a Truck, Essay examples

Conceptual Framework of International Standards

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework of International Standards. Answer: Introduction Target Australia Pty Ltd is Australias largest department store by numbers that is owned and operated by Wesfarmers. The company operates about 183 retail stores across Australia and is mainly recognized as subsidiary of Wesfarmers Group. The main products offered by the company includes cloths, cosmetics, toys, home wares, electrical, fitness and consumer electronics. The retail company mainly operates on the basis of providing high quality products at lower prices (Company Overview of Target Australia Pty. Ltd, 2014). The profitability of Target Company was largely negatively impacted through the occurrence of accounting scandal. The company was reported to use misleading accounting practices to demonstrate their inflated earnings. The occurrence of accounting scandal has negatively impacted the reputation of the company globally (Mitchell, 2016). The report, in this context, aims to analyze the compliance of annual report of the company with conceptual framework of accounting and AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) principles. Also, the report discusses the benefits and drawbacks of including prudence in the conceptual accounting framework. Analysis of financial reports of Target as per AASB Standards The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has developed conceptual framework of accounting for establishing standard principle and guidelines for preparation and presentation of financial statements of business entities. The AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) holds the responsibility that all business entities operating within Australia develop and maintains their financial statements as per the accounting standards of conceptual framework. The main objective of adapting to standard accounting rules and procedures during financial reporting is to meet the needs and interest of stakeholders of a business organization (Whittington, 2008). The main principles of conceptual framework of accounting are relevance, reliability, consistency and comparability. The relevance principle of conceptual framework states that information published in the annual report should be relevant so that end-users are able to develop complete understanding of a companys financial performan ce (Macve, 2015). The reliability principle states that information presented should be reliable and free from nay materialistic error. The consistency principle states that information presented in financial reports should be consistent and complete. Also, the comparability principle states that financial information should be comparable with the financial results of the previous year (Mazhambe, 2014). Issues in Remuneration The companys remuneration and directors report is analyzed to examine its compliance with the principle of conceptual framework. The occurrence of accounting scandal in Target Company has impacted its financial performance in the recent years. The main cause of the accounting scandal is misrepresentation of financial reports in order to report inflated earnings. The share price of the company has fallen drastically as its stakeholders could not rely on the financial information presented in the annual reports. The overstating of profits in the financial reports clearly reports that the company has not effectively followed the conceptual framework accounting principles and standards (Wesfarmers: Annual Report, 2016). The occurrence of accounting scandal has largely impacted the remuneration received by the executives and non-executives directors of its parent company, Wesfarmers. The remuneration report of Wesfarmers discloses information regarding the financial performances of its su bsidiary Target. The remuneration of the top executives and non-executives directors is linked to the profitability of the company. The decline in share price after Target accounting scandal has negatively impacted the profitability of Wesfarmers (Greenbalt, 2016). The basic pay, payments and share incentives of the companys executives have been dropped down drastically. It has been reported by the companys executives that their bonus payments and incentives have dropped by almost 50%. However, the annual report of Wesfarmers still reports the cash bonus of its executives to be more than $1m at the end of financial year 2016. Thus, it can be said that short-term incentive payments of the companys executives have not been impacted largely by the drop in its profitability. Thus, the link of incentives and bonuses of executives and non-executives to the profitability can induce a desire in them to obtain profit for receiving bonus payments. The fact can be illustrated by the occurrence of accounting scandal in Target where financial earnings were inflated by booking extra rebates from suppliers for earning higher prices. Thus, it can be said that this was done mainly by the accountants of Target for earning higher bonus and payments by inflating c ompanys financial earnings to be high (Greenbalt, 2016). The main issues of concern as evident from the remuneration report of the company are unhealthy pursuit of personal goals and manipulation of accounts. The companys executives are realizing good short-term incentives even after the reduction in the profitability after occurrence of accounting scandal. Also, the companys executives are involved in manipulation of financial accounts for earning higher compensation as evident from its accounting scandal. Thus, Target has not adhered to the principle of conceptual framework and AASB standards. The reliability principle states that financial information disclosed must be reliable and free-from any material error to be used by its stakeholders for decision-making. However, the companys executives reports their financial earnings to be reduced while corporate governance experts have reported after analysis of its annual report that top executives are still receiving god cash bonuses (Parker, 2016). The directors report of the company has stated that it effectively complies with all the AASB sands at the time of developing their financial statements (Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108, 2014). However, Target executives have admitted that they have inflated the financial earnings of the company by 40% through booking extra rebates from suppliers. The extra rebates were not books against the cost of inventory as per the accounting standards but in return for realizing higher prices and this increasing the companys profitability. Thus, inventories are overstated in the financial statements of the company and are not valued as per AASB standards (Mitchell, 2016). Provision for bad and doubtful debts Businesses also need to comply with conceptual framework standards of maintaining a provision for reporting bad and doubtful debts arising from accounts receivables. However, the company has not maintained the provision for doubtful debts as evident from its accounting scandal. The company inflated its earnings through booking extra rebates in return for higher prices but has not maintained provision for reporting bad and doubtful debts. The financial leases of a business entity must be capitalized at fair value of leased asset and all contingent legal liabilities must be reported in the annual report (Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108, 2014). However, the company has not effectively complied with this accounting principle as it has not disclosed information relating to its long-term and current liabilities as per the AASB standards. The analysis of annual report of Wesfarmers group has revealed that it has not effectively complied with code of ethics that is responsible for accounting scandal in its subsidiary Target. The board of directors has manipulated the profit in return of earning higher bonuses and thus stated materially false and misleading financial information. The company is strictly involved in taking action against the employees who inflated the earnings through rebate deals with about 30 international suppliers. The main cause of accounting scandal is overstating of companys revenue by about $21 million in order to boost its financial performance. It has been analyzed from the accounting scandal that earnings for overall group would have been 1.1 per cent lower as it was reported in its annual report (Greenbalt, 2016). The companys corporate governance policies are not adequate and effective that is responsible for the occurrence of this accounting scandal (Parker, 2016). The group through have admitted the occurrence of fraudulent activities in its subsidiary and also taken the responsibility of taking appropriate action against the employees involved in the scandal. The group has also announced strict adherence to international accounting standards and principles for promoting long-term sustainable growth over achieving short-term growth (Wesfarmers: Annual Report, 2016). Prudence and its Impact on Financial Reporting There exists some level of uncertainty in financial transactions that is to be reported during preparation of financial statements by making adequate estimates. In this context, prudence is the key accounting principle that states estimates should be taken in a cautious manner during the time of financial reporting. The concept of prudence states that assets and income should not be overstated in the financial statements and expenses should not be understated. The concept of prudence requires that accountants should exercise a degree of caution in the adoption of accounting policies and procedures during preparation of financial statements. This is essential to maintain financial statements neutrality as per the conservatism principle of accounting. The conservatism principle of accounting states that liabilities and expenses should be stated as soon as they are incurred while revenues should be reported only when they are realized (Prudence and IFRS, 2014). Thus, an asset should not be recognized at a higher value that can be realized from its usage or sale. On the other hand, a liability needs to be recognized at a lesser value from its expected amount to be realized in future. The prudence accounting principle was included in the conceptual framework of accounting for eliminating any type of biasness in the financial reports and therefore conserving the interest of the stakeholders. The financial information disclosed to the stakeholders should be realistic for supporting their decision-making process regarding investment in particular business entity. The inclusion of prudence in the conceptual framework ensures that financial information disclosed before the end-users is reliable and free from any type of materialistic error (Malley, 2014). However, the concept was removed from conceptual framework of accounting on the basis that it restricts businesses to develop hidden reserves to be used at the time of occurrence of any type of contingency situation. This was major argument for removing the concept of prudence in conceptual framework of accounting. The concept was against the accrual basis of accounting which states that businesses should maintain a provision for recording of financial transactions (Araujo and Gomes, 2015). This is necessary to generate some hidden funds for a business entity that can be used during any emergency situation. The principle of prudence is again included in the conceptual framework of accounting for overcoming the increasing evidences of corporate scandals due to misrepresentation of financial statements. The large number of corporate scandals due to mis-representation of financial statements such as accounting scandal of Target has caused the need for inclusion of prudence in conceptual framework of accounting (Whittington, 2008). The major benefit of including prudence in conceptual framework is protecting the stakeholder interest by providing them trustworthy and reliable financial information. The occurrence of corporate scandals due to manipulation of accounting information can be controlled through including prudence concept. This is because businesses are required to disclose all the relevant financial information in their annual reports without concealing any facts and figures related to their income and growth. It will eliminate biasness from financial statements by providing true and reliable information before the stakeholders of a business entity. However, there is also some criticism related to including prudence in the current accounting framework as it restricts businesses to face contingency situations as they cannot maintain any type of hidden reserves. The business entities are unable to make proper estimates against the uncertainties and thus the concept of prudence is criticized by several f inancial experts. Thus, management is not able to act correctly in the vent of occurrence of any uncertainty by the inclusion of prudence principle during financial reporting (Malley, 2014). Recommendations On the basis of above overall discussion, it is recommended to business entities that they develop their financial reports as per the principle of conceptual framework and AASB standards. The analysis of annual reports of Wesfarmers Group revealed that non-compliance with the accounting standards and principle by its subsidiary Target Australia Pty Ltd have caused a negative impact on its brand image internationally. This, it is essential for parent company to implement strict corporate governance rules and regulations that should be followed by all the subsidiaries. The main cause of the accounting scandal that occurred in Target is lack of ethics, integrity and trust that is responsible for employees to adopt unethical accounting practices for their self-interest. The group is recommended to adopt strong corporate governance rules and regulations for enhancing its brand image on an international market (Hoffman, 2016). The group should disclose its corporate governance policies amo ng its key stakeholder for gaining their trust and attention. The strict compliance of corporate governance rules and regulations is necessary for all the subsidiaries of Wesfarmers to effectively comply with all the principle of conceptual framework and AASB standards (Persons, 2013). In addition to this, the Group is also recommended to actively engage in the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities for promoting its brand name on a global platform and recover from the damage caused by the accounting scandal. The CSR activities will promote the development of social, economic and environment aspects related to the group thus achieving greater customer attention and trust. The strengthening of the brand image of the group on a global basis will improve its profitability thus sustaining its growth and development (Mazhambe, 2014). Conclusion It is summarized from the overall report that principle of AASB has mandated all the business entities operating within Australia to comply with the principle of conceptual framework of accounting. The main cause of corporate scandal that occurred in Target Australia Pty Ltd is non-compliance with current accounting framework principles and AASB standards. The company has misrepresented its financial statements for reporting inflated earnings and as such has breached the principle of reliability of conceptual framework. The Wesfarmers groups on the basis of overall analysis is recommend to adopt string corporate governance policies within all its subsidiaries to comply with AASB standards and conceptual accounting framework. Also, the inclusion of prudence concept in current conceptual framework of accounting will ensure that financial reports developed are reliable and trustworthy. The prudence accounting principle will help in maintaining financial statements neutrality through res tricting the business to report any overstated revenues. References Araujo, V. and Gomes, A. 2015. Analysis of Opinions Issued in Comment Letters on the Term Prudence. Journal of Education and Research in Accounting 9(2), pp. 209-225. Company Overview of Target Australia Pty. Ltd. 2014. [Online]. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=22499202 [Accessed on: 14 April 2017]. Compiled Accounting Standard AASB 108. 2014. [Online]. Available at:https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB108_07-04_COMPdec09_01-11.pdf[Accessed on: 14 April 2017]. Greenbalt, E. 2016. Troubled year costs Wesfarmers executives $10m in entitlements. [Online]. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/troubled-year-costs-wesfarmers-executives-10m-in-entitlements/news-story/40434a5917e419327c68a3eaff7bf63e [Accessed on: 14 April 2017]. Hoffman, C.W. 2016.Revising the Conceptual Framework of the International Standards: IASB Proposals Met with Support and Skepticism. World Journal of Business and Management 2 (1), pp. 1-32. Macve, R. 2015. A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat. Routledge. Malley, A. 2014.Opinion: Is prudence still a virtue?[Online]. Available at: https://www.theaccountant-online.com/news/is-prudence-still-a-virtue-4276220 [Accessed on: 6 April 2014]. Mazhambe, Z. 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing 10 (8), pp. 835-845. Mitchell, S. 2016. Target scandal claims another victim. [Online]. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/target-scandal-claims-another-victim-20160412-go43jz.html [Accessed on: 14 April 2017]. Parker, J. 2016. Target accounting scandal: Wesfarmers taking action against staff. ?[Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-11/wesfarmers-taking-action-over-target-accounting-scandal/7317178 [Accessed on: 14 April 2017]. Persons, O. 2013. A principles-based approach to teaching International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Journal of Instructional Pedagogies. Prudence and IFRS. 2014. [Online]. Available at: https://www.accaglobal.com/content/dam/acca/global/PDF-technical/financial-reporting/tech-tp-prudence.pdf[Accessed on: 6 April 2014]. Wesfarmers: Annual Report. 2016. [Online]. Available at:https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4[Accessed on: 6 April 2014]. Whittington, G. 2008. Fair Value and the IASB/FASB Conceptual Framework Project:An Alternative View. ABACUS 44 (2), pp. 139-168.

The disappearance of the elephant Review Essay Example

The disappearance of the elephant Review Paper Essay on The disappearance of the elephant Haruki Murakami is definitely a master of words. He knows how simple and accessible language all tell a story, and the reader interested and intrigued. His books are easy to read and pretty amusing. Of course, few of his works can be considered a masterpiece, but still a large part of his work it works from the series workout for the brain. He makes us think about the meaning of seemingly simple but interesting stories and novels The disappearance of an elephant -. A collection of stories. What can you say about them? Interesting. Pleasantly surprised by the story another attack on the bakery. It can be attributed to the genre is so exquisite as magical realism. Young couple wake up at night from a brutal famine. Husband accidentally lets slip about the history of the past, and then the poor man did not get out, I had to tell his wife about it with a friend in times of famine attacked the bakery. Wife understands that they test wild hunger nothing else, as a terrible curse! (Who would doubt x) Japanese mythology has left its mark) and to remove this curse, it is necessary to arrange a second raid on the bakery and eat to satiety. But at night all the bakeries are closed, and only a single sign glows in the dark, McDonalds. They decide that the burgers are not worse We will write a custom essay sample on The disappearance of the elephant Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The disappearance of the elephant Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The disappearance of the elephant Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Of course, this book is worth it to spend on it a couple of hours of their time. Why a couple? More and do not need to, because the book is small, easy to read and addictive. family life began with the attack on McDonalds it could invent and describe without unnecessary details, but nice and bright only Murakami so he can, of course, he only. You start to believe that it is the way it should be entertained for the weekend, this is what is the norm of our lives, and if someone has not tried he missed a lot. Of course, after reading, it seems that all the magic and unusual side. How easily disappear from the zoo elephant, night hunger can only quench repeated attack on a bakery, and missing the beautiful twins appear in the new bar advertising. It is interesting, is not it? : D