1984 Vocabulary

George Orwells 1984   tells of a dystopian future where the totalitarian government (called the Party) seeks to control not only language, but thought as well. Orwell created a whole new set of language rules with his Newspeak in 1984, showing how by reducing the ability to express oneself creatively, the Party could control how people spoke, and ultimately, know their thoughts. Instead of very good instead one using Newspeak would say plusgood and doubleplusgood. Orwell was particularly interested in nuances in language, and bemoaned what he viewed as   the loss of critical thinking and metaphor. 1984 - Terms and Vocabulary Heres a list of some unusual vocabulary words from 1984, by George Orwell. Use these terms for reference, study, and discussion. inscrutable: of an obscure nature discountenanced:  embarrassed gamboling:  playing boisterously or loudly multifarious:  having many aspects venerate:  regard with feelings of respect and reverence aquiline:  curved down, as an eagles beak stratum:  layers of material or divisions, or social classes in society palimpsest:  a manuscript on which more than one text has been written fulminate:  cause to explode violently and with loud noise anodyne:  capable of relieving pain sinecure:  an office that involves minimal duties niggling:  petty, trivial proletarian:  belonging to or characteristic of the working class wainscoting:  decorative paneling or woodwork fecundity: fertility, or cleverness (as in a fertile imagination) spurious:  not genuine, inauthentic oligarchy:  a form of government in which all power is in a few people or a dominant class truncheon: a club carried by a law enforcement officer forlorn: unhappy or miserable, hopeless More 1984 Resources Questions for Study and Discussion On 1984:Orwell Review

About The Trail of Tears - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 772 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Trail Of Tears Essay Did you like this example? The Question of this project: How was the journey to finding rights, for the Cherokee nation? The journey to obtaining rights as a Cherokee nation was a long a rough journey. The Cherokee people had 53,000 square miles of land in Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama combined but in 1802 white settlers, and President Thomas Jefferson began looking at removing the Cherokee tribe from their lands (GPB n.d.). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About The Trail of Tears" essay for you Create order In the court case Worcester v. Georgia, the Cherokee Nation looked to get a federal injunction against the laws passed by the state of Georgia because these laws denied them the rights and privileges from within the state. One year later the U.S. Supreme court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign. In other words, the state of Georgia had no right to enforce any of their state laws in the Cherokee territory. Andrew Jackson, who was President at that time, rejected the ruling of this case and ordered the removal of the Cherokee nation. The United States army forces were used in certain instances to round them up. This elimination and journey is called The Trail of Tears. Out of the 15,000 Cherokee people who left, 4,000 died on the way to Indian Territory but what is now the state of Oklahoma (FJC n.d.). These past couple paragraphs are the official take on what happened but there is also the point of view of someone who went through it herself and her name was Margaret McGurie. In this interview she went on to explain in detail, how it was on the journey. She said, The Cherokees had to walk; all the old people who were too weak to walk could ride in the Government wagons that hauled the food and the blankets which they allowed to have. It goes on to say that the food on the Trail of Tears was horrible and there was not very much of it, so often the Indians had to go two days without water. This trail started in Georgia and went across Kentucky, Tennessee, and through Missouri all the way to Old Fort Wayne which was built as a shelter for the Indians until houses were built (Montiero 1837). As a conclusion it is clear that the Cherokee Indians went through a lot just to get rights. I would need information on Works Cited FJC. n.d. Federal Judicial Center. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://www.fjc.gov/history/timeline/cherokee-nation-v.-georgia. The Federal Judicial Center produced and maintains this site in furtherance of its statutory mission. The Center regards the contents of this site to be responsible and valuable. The Court ruled four years later in Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was a separate political entity that could not be regulated by the state, and that only the federal government had authority to regulate the use of Indian land. GPB. n.d. Judgement Day. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.html. PBS is Americas largest classroom, the nations largest stage for the arts and a trusted window to the world. In addition, PBSs educational media helps prepare people for success in school and opens up the world to them. Their main goal is to fulfill our essential mission to the American public, providing trusted programming that is uniquely different from commercial broadcasting and treating audiences as citizens, not simply consumers. For 15 consecutive years, a national study has rated PBS as the most-trusted institution in America. Montiero, Lorrie. 1837. Sequoyah Research Center. August 20. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://ualrexhibits.org/tribalwriters/artifacts/Family-Stories-Trail-of-Tears.html. The collections of the University of Arkansas at Little Rocks Sequoyah National Research Center constitute the largest assemblage of Native American expression in the world. Our mission, to acquire and preserve the writings and ideas of Native North Americans, is accomplished through collecting the written word and art of Native Americans and creating a research atmosphere that invites indigenous peoples to make the Center an archival home for their creative work. Oyez. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1832/2. Oyez a free law project from Cornells Legal Information Institute (LII), Justia, and Chicago-Kent College of Lawis a multimedia archive devoted to making the Supreme Court of the United States accessible to everyone. It is the most complete and authoritative source for all of the Courts audio since the installation of a recording system in October 1955. Oyez offers transcript-synchronized and searchable audio, plain-English case summaries, illustrated decision information, and full-text Supreme Court opinions (through Justia). Oyez also provides detailed information on every justice throughout the Courts history and offers a panoramic tour of the Supreme Court building, including the chambers of several justices.

Argument For And Against Profit And Wealth Maximization

ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST PROFIT AND WEALTH MAXIMIZATION GOALS IN LIGHT OF CORPORATE FINANCE Every individual firm in any market segment has well set goals that it aims to achieve. These goals may be set by the owners or shareholders who must collaborate closely with the agents whom they have given the responsibility to manage the firm. The agents are basically the managers who through the agency theory must ensure that the firm is meeting its strategic goals. A firm with no set goals or one that doesn’t have good managers is set to fail in its bid to make profit and hence will definitely have to close down. To ensure that a firm meets its objectives, a few considerations must be looked at. These could†¦show more content†¦v) Quality of the firm’s products vi) Good industrial relations. Expounding on Financial Goals ( Profit and Wealth Maximization). Profit Maximization Main aim of any kind of economic activity is earning profit. A business concern is also functioning mainly for earning profit. Profit is the measuring techniques to understand the business efficiency of the concern. Profit maximization is also the traditional and narrow approach, which aims at maximizing the profit of the concern. However, unlimited profit maximization cannot be defended by any reasonable ethical theory. The idea that corporations should pursue the interests of their shareholders, takes its starkest form in the sentiment expressed by Milton Friedman, that ‘‘the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits’’ (Friedman, 1970). Friedman is very clear in stating that it is illegitimate for a corporation to act in a way that is detrimental to shareholder returns. Profit maximization is thus a moral imperative for corporate executives. The interests of groups other than the shareholders should thus only be given weight to the extent that pursuing these interests also benefits the shareholders. For instance the implication of CSR is permissible only if it is insincere i.e. used as an instrument toShow MoreRelatedShareholder Wealth Maximization And Profit Maximization988 Words   |  4 Pagesshareholder wealth maximization and profit maximization? If a firm c hooses to pursue the objective of shareholder wealth maximization, does this preclude the use of profit maximization decision-making rules? Explain. Answer: Maximizing profits is typically not the same as maximizing shareholder wealth. Profit maximization lacks a time dimension (long-term versus short-term); GAAP results in hundreds of definitions of profits (or earnings or income) and profit maximization ignores risk. The profits maximizationRead MoreFinancial Principals and Policies864 Words   |  4 Pagesshareholder wealth maximization and profit maximization? If a firm chooses to pursue the objective of shareholder wealth maximization, does this preclude the use of profit maximization decision-making rules? Explain. Profit maximization means the company makes profit maximize. Maximize shareholder wealth states that management needs to bring maximize the value for its owners by make the most efficient resources and reasonable financial management. Therefore, shareholder wealth maximization include theRead MoreWealth Maximization And Corporate Social Responsibility1745 Words   |  7 PagesWealth Maximization and Corporate Social Responsibility Ebehi Onakpoma Introduction There has been a lingering argument about the legitimacy and importance of corporate responses to CSR concerns. There are diverse opinions of the role of the firm in the environment and thoughts on whether profit maximization should be the only goal of a corporation. Profit maximization is the goal of any business. It is the process by which profits (EPS) of the business are increased. In other words,Read MoreThe View That Shareholder Wealth Maximization Should Always Be the Preferred Objective of a Firm.2367 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION A financial management system is the methodology and software that an organization uses to oversee and govern its income, expenses, and assets with the objective of maximizing profits and ensuring sustainability. It is concerned with the procurement and use of funds with an aim to use business funds in such a way that the firm’s value and earnings are maximized. It also provides a frame work for selecting a proper course of action and deciding a viable commercial strategyRead MoreFriedmans View On Corporate Social Responsibility1775 Words   |  8 Pages(Chandler Werther Jr., 2014). This paper will briefly examine the viewpoint of the well-known economist, Milton Friedman, whose assertions have been very influential in the debate surrounding corporate social responsibility (CSR). Arguments, both in support of, and against Friedman’s assertions, will be presented along with examples of two organizations having contrasting attitudes regarding CSR. Lastly, the paper will examine three organizations whose literal adherence to Friedman’s view has ledRead MoreEthical And Legal Importance Of Social Responsibility1612 Words   |  7 PagesResponsibility in Corporate Culture This business study will analyze the ethical and legal importance of social responsibility in corporate culture. Friedman (1970) defines the dangers of ‘social responsibility† as a threat to the individualism and profit motives of corporate executives that must serve the corporation before the larger society. More so, Friedman argues that the corporation is an â€Å"artificial person† that relies on the free markets to correct problems with non-productive, hazardousRead MoreFallacies of Corporate Social Responsibility1773 Words   |  8 Pagesmatter for serious arguments. Whereas business‘s human side stressed the importance of social responsibility, it also opened the room for criticism for its opponents, some of who have expressed legit business concerns; others endorse the belief that social responsibility is an integral part of a business. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of fallacies of CSR and its advocacy. BUSINESS IS ALL ABOUT PROFIT MAXIMIZATION Among the first and most famous proponents against corporate socialRead MoreThe And The Corporate Sector1484 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction We believe in this long held notion that corporations will never think of doing for the greater good of society and care only and only for their own profit maximization. This may be true in many cases like we hear about Gap’s factory working conditions in Bangladesh, Apple in China and so on. However this may not mean that every corporation is bad and that we should keep bashing the whole corporate sector for this. We have to admit that there is a problem with the declining qualityRead MoreStakeholder4051 Words   |  17 PagesStakeholders, Shareholders and Wealth Maximization V. Sivarama Krishnan, University of Central Oklahoma ABSTRACT This paper attempts reconciliation between the two somewhat extreme views espoused by the shareholder wealth maximization paradigm and the stakeholder theory. The stakeholder theory challenges the basic premise built into corporate finance theory, teaching and practice. Corporate finance theory, teaching and the typically recommended practice are all built on the premise that theRead MoreEssay about Maximizing Profits as the Main Goal2180 Words   |  9 Pages Maximizing Profits as the Main Goal The traditional theory (neoclassical) assumes that firm’s primary objective is to maximize profits. That is if the firm is owner controlled. This assumption is based on that firms makes the output and price decisions. Also, that firm takes all necessary actions to earn the greatest profit possible. The managerial theory assumes firms do not necessarily act in order to maximize profits. The basic tenet behind this is the separation of ownership from

Masculinity as Homophobia by Michael S. Kimmel - 1532 Words

As with a great majority of men in the world today, it is easier for me to give hugs than to accept them. This is not my own doing, but rather centuries of men before myself being taught that the outward expression of emotion, in any facet, was a direct form of weakness. This has led to adverse affects in regards to a new generation of man that I find myself apart of now. This belief has forged a lack of sentiment within men, all in the name of â€Å"being a man.† Do not take it the wrong way, as if to say a lack of compassion is a bad thing, they teach young men. It is actually the contrary in a growing market economy. As we shift to a more global marketplace, empathy of any sort is the cog in the wheel that holds a man back in an attempt to†¦show more content†¦Men are all putting on a mask, in an attempt to hide their true selves from other males. Kimmel suggest that society begins to use politics of inclusion or that the definition of manhood be widened to help en d the gender struggle. For good or for worse, young boys have continuously been shaped in history to suppress any femininity. Yes, centuries ago this was a very helpful trait seeing how wars were being waged and exploration was at its height, but like anything times have changed. Increases in feminist and LGBTQ movements have given men the ability to fully embrace who they really are, yet times have not caught up to this fact. Men continue to put on a faà §ade for one another that inhibit them. Behind closed doors, men are fully able to embrace their true selves, but the moment they are confronted with other males, the battle of machismo begins: If I catch any one man, and hes alone, I get along fine with him. But just let two of the guys get together an you wont talk. Jus nothing but mad†¦. Youre all scared of each other, thats what. Ever one of yous scared the rest is goin to get something on you (Steinbeck). There is a constant unspoken â€Å"battle of brawn† being waged by men in society. It is what causes us to have to get the fastest car or the cutest girl. There is always room to do better thanShow MoreRelatedMasculinity As Homophobia By Michael S. Kimmel898 Words   |  4 Pagesthat generation proceeded to teach their children the same thing. Although many views have changed, homophobia is still a big issue in society, no matter whom it is learned from. Essay 4 in The Matrix Reader â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia† by Michael S. Kimmel explains the definition of manhood and how it has helped to create the concept of homophobia in a societal sense rather than a scientific one. Kimmel states that â€Å"Manhood is neither static nor timeless; it is historical,† and â€Å"†¦not the manifestationRead MoreHomophobia in Society1323 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and critique masculinity as homophobia. Homophobia: -noun irrational fear of, aversion to, hatred of, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. According to Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary, that is the definition of homophobia. Interesting isnt it? to see homophobia on the same page as hepatitis, herpes, and HIV among others. Before this class I wouldnt have expected to find it there. I mean honestlyRead MoreGay, Latino, And Macho By Albert Serna Jr. And The Essay, Masculinity As Homophobia Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesMacho† by Albert Serna Jr. and the essay â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia† by Michael S. Kimmel, the authors both address how Masculinity and Homophobia are both effect by the gender scripts that are established by institutions. However, Kimmel and Serna bring light upon the issues in different manners. Kimmel states that Masculinity is a mental burden upon men who are unable to truly express themselves without being seen by society as a â€Å"sissy, untough, uncool† (Kimmel, 44). Consequently, this leads many heterosexualRead MoreMasculinity Theory1630 Words   |  7 PagesGoogl e defines masculinity as a possession of qualities traditionally associated with men, using, handsome, muscled, and driven, hes a prime example of masculinity as their example. Although this definition of masculinity is common, it is undeveloped and exclusive to other forms of masculinity. Sociologists such as Raewyn Connell, Eric Anderson and Michael Kimmel have formed their own theories and definitions of masculinity. In this course, we have read an excerpt from Eric Anderson’s, InclusiveRead MoreWhat Defines Our Gender? : Development Of A Societal Standard For Men1898 Words   |  8 Pagestimes are changing, Michael Kimmel firmly believes that the â€Å"Guy Code† is engrained in the minds of men forever; in fear of being emasculated, men will jump hurdles to prove themselves, even with the psychological repercussions. The profound idea of the â€Å"Guy Code† has been around for generations. When trying to clearly define the rules of the â€Å"Guy Code,† Kimmel revisited the work of Psychologist Michael Brannon. In 1976, Brannon summarized the four basic rules of masculinity in The Forty-Nine PerRead MoreEssay on Masculinity and Race1594 Words   |  7 PagesMasculinity and Race Historically, masculinity in the United States has been constructed as being White Protestant Anglo-Saxon, furthermore heterosexual and in charge of all matters, and this definition sets standards against which other men are measured an evaluated. Michael Kimmel provides a good definition: [†¦], Young, married, white, urban heterosexual, Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height and a recent record in sports(271). Read MoreModern Day American Society By Aaron Devor s Bros Before Hos : The Guy Code ``1635 Words   |  7 PagesMeanings of Gender,† and Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code,† both argue that the gender hierarchy America has been built upon is the product of socialization. Devor s essay, written more like a research paper, focuses on explaining the origins of the gender myth through well-researched scientific evidence and logos. To reflect his writing style, he mainly talks about the physical effects this has had on male and female characteristics. In his essay, Kimmel talks about The Bro CodeRead MoreMasculinity And Masculinity, By Michael Kimmel Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagesmen are often subject to extreme methods of proving their masculinity, and to reinfor ce what it truly means to be a man. Michael Kimmel, famous sociologist said, â€Å"Masculinity is the relentless repudiation of the feminine† (Kimmel, 2015), which not only reflects how men think about themselves but how North Americans as an entire culture think about masculinity and manhood. The following pages will be centered on issues of the lens of masculinity in contexts such as the sphere of education, the predominanceRead MoreA World Engrossed By Blurbs And Snippets Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagesman in today s world. This documentary is a film that parents need to be made aware of and need to be made to watch. There are eye-opening interviews with experts, inspiring teachers, athletes, and other role models. Young boys, teens, and grown men, also chime in, and discuss their experiences, both positive and negative. They often share moving, emotional, and intense memories and feelings. There are frank discussions and sometimes-graphic footage related to sexuality, homophobia, sexism, pornographyRead MoreSexuality is Socially Constructed Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesreproductive organs he/she possesses at birth. The gender one is expected to align themselves with is the one that tends to follow the established social guidelines for their sex. Thus, a male is one with a penis who, as Michael S. Kimmel relates in his article â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity,† is given power, wealth, and status in society, who must â€Å"never do anything that remotely suggests femininity,† who does not show emotions, and who â€Å"exudes

Post Positivist Approach Free Essays

Post positivist approach is a metatheoretical stance philosophically rooted in positivism. Whereas positivists believe in the existing reality apart from our own perception of it and the importance of empirical observation as well as rock-solid general laws, post positivists share some similarities with a softer, amended approach. Realist and the social constructionist are both taken as ontology by post positivist researchers in communication discipline. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Positivist Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is, it can be true that post positivist researchers believe that there is an empirical, unchallengeable reality independent of our perceptions, but limitations like the complexity of the reality and the biases of researchers still exist which causes our incomplete understanding of the reality. Even though, by applying the mutiple measures and observation, post positivist believe researchers can enhance the objectivity and attain a more and more fully apprehended reality. At the same time, post positivists also have faith in multiple realities which can be constructed by social collectives through communicative interaction in relatively patterned ways and its effects should be regular and predictable which in turn reified social constructions. Thus, post positivists study regularities and patterns. Post positivist researchers in communication base their assumptions largely on the so-termed modified objectivist which holds to the notion that causal relationships for regularities observed in the social world is the center of the search for knowledge. Textbook, chpt3) Nevertheless, post positivists largely reject the value-free inquiry and the absolute authority of scientific method. Instead, post positivists believe that with careful and systematic operations as well as awareness of values, scholars can strive to be as unbiased as possible â€Å"by using controls and statistical tests, insisting on replication, and so forth. † (Textbook, chpt3) T herefore, post positivism does not equal to qualitative approach as many may assume. In fact, post positivists apply quantitative research methods largely to safeguard objectivity and to advance knowledge. Post positivist researchers consist that theories should try to reach beyond the observation level of individual events to attain the abstract quality with clear logical links to the empirical world. By operationally defining theoretical constructs, researchers can test the theoretical concepts with substitution of empirical indicators to verify or falsify the theory. Moreover, post positivists hold to the three interlinked functions of theories–explanation, prediction, and control. That is, theories should first of all explain behaviour in a causal relationship manner. In addition, theories should be able to predict future behaviour in a patterned way due to the abstraction of a certain phenomenon. At the end, good theories also provide information to control future events. Taking these functions into consideration, one can generate a set of criteria for evaluating and comparing theories from a post positivist stance. (* is explained at the end) I would like to explore more on the complex mental decision making processes involved in choosing to consume media (information-filtering-related theories) in this information age. I would imagine that selective exposure theory and active learner theory* would be two comparable choices to explain questions in this field and may provide reasonable predictions and relative control on future events. Selective exposure theory is accurate within its conceptual boundaries since many laboratory experiments have been conducted to test it so it is empirically testable. For example, in one study, when individual were placed in state of boredom, they selected arousing media messages and avoided relaxing fare to achieve an optimal level of arousal. ( Bryant, Zillmann, 1984). Selective exposure theory is consistent internally and externally because there is no contradictory propositions or widely held theories in the relevant domain. It is parsimonious because it mainly focuses on emotional states. However, because of this, researches have been conducted mostly upon mood management and selective exposure effects (first regulate emotion, then measure the media choice) which is not the real life situations. Thus, it is not in a very broad scope. In addition, in labs, participants only need to focus on limited choices but in the real world we face abundant media. In this case, selective exposure theory may have limited external validity. Nevertheless, this theory provide plausible explanations in media choosing and can somehow predict future behaviour (eg: people use media to alleviate boredom and other negative emotions) and also bring up future possible research questions (how about on positive mood other than negative?†¦ ). Therefore, in general, it is a better theory to choose other than the active learner theory because the latter one lack empirical tests and cannot rule out possible interventions. The active learner theory is a pseudo-theory I personally came up with rather than a really existing one. I can be totally/partially wrong or this can have been better explained by some mature theories. It is not even a theory but I still want to give it a try based on my understanding of this mental decision making process. I think the choice that one individual makes on media consumption can represent more than what it appears to be. It is not only a personal mood management process but also can involve social context and group judgment into it. As individual make choices, they can consciously or unconsciously go over the considerations of others’ feedback judgments and possible consequences aftermath. For example, if one has the instinctive drive to watch porn to maximize pleasure, before making the final decision, (s)he may consider the possible feedback from roommates or parents or friends who may see his/her behaviour, therefore quickly decide not to do so. People may gain this kind of thinking from previous learning from personal experience, peer talking or education. Or, imagine a group of girls surfing the Internet in the same room, one may want to log onto Angel and read some articles but others are more interested in gossip and entertainment. Even though this girl has her own laptop and can choose what she wants to read but she doesn’t want to be â€Å"distinct† or â€Å"nerdy† so she conforms. Thus, I name people as active learner, that is, we can quickly adjust our behaviour and adapt to situations around us through more complex mental procedures besides mood management process consciously and automatically. How to cite Post Positivist Approach, Papers

Business law Hunt & Hunt v Mitchell Morgans

Question: Discuss about the Business law Hunt Hunt v Mitchell Morgans. Answer: Breach of duty As per the facts of the case, Hunt Hunt was held to be co-wrongdoer along with Mr. Caradonna and Mr. Flammia, together named as the Fraudsters who committed infringement of their duties towards the Mitchell Morgans. The liability of the fraudsters was apportioned as Mr. Cardonna was liable for 72.5%, Mr. Flammia was liable for 15.0% and Hunt Hunt was liable to the extent of 12.5%. However, Hunt Hunt took the defense of the rule of proportionate liability. Proportionate liability as laid down under the Civil Liability Act, 2002 is a liability that may be either joint or several but each offender shall be treated as the essential cause and shall bore the entire loss caused (Munro 2015). Section 1041 N of the Corporations Act 2001, lays down the statutory provisions for proportionate liability for apportionable claims. According to the Act, where the liability of the defendant being a concurrent wrongdoer in connection to the claim is restricted to that amount which is proportionate to the extent off loss or damage claimed as a result of the defendants responsibility for such loss or damage caused. The Hunt Hunt was held liable as it failed to carry out its duty of care towards the Mitchell Morgans. The Hunt Hunt was negligent while preparing the mortgage agreement as it did not prepare the agreement containing a promise to pay back a confirmed amount. The Critical evaluation of the courts decision The damage caused by Mr. Caradonna and his solicitor included the advancement of loan funds by Mitchell Morgans and the harm caused by the Hunt Hunt was that it acted negligently as the Mitchell Morgan did not possess the security benefit to pay the money advanced (Woodhouse and Rendle 2015). For determining the extent of loss suffered, the extent of interest violated must be recognized to establish what omission or act has caused the damages suffered. References Munro, A., 2015. Identifying concurrent wrongdoers: The proportionate liability regime in practice.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(2), p.76. Woodhouse, B. and Rendle, C., 2015. High Court limits scope of proportionate liability claims.Governance Directions,67(6), p.368.

Does a tree have colour Essay Example For Students

Does a tree have colour Essay The idea of sound will be investigated in the following essay. Is there sound in the world and if a tree falls in the forest and there is no body around does it actually make a noise? These ideas will be followed by the theory of colour. Individuals â€Å"think† they see colour, so people believe there is colour in the world and do not even think twice about the issue. Still, some philosophers have presented ideas about the world with no colour. Is this theory plausible? Following these two questions, I will provide my take on the two theories of sound and colour and render my stance on whether I believe in the ideas of philosophers or whether I do not think their suggestions have any backing and provide stable proof. Sound is a vibration of air molecules caused by the motion of an object. The wave is a compression wave where the density of the molecules is higher. This wave travels through the air at a speed dependent on the temperature. A sound wave contains energy, which in turn means it can make things move. However, if the wave strikes something solid, it will bounce back (www.askjeeves.com sound}). When a tree falls and there is no one around does it make a sound? There are two ways to look at the statement presented. The first way would include that sound is something that is objective and independent. When a tree falls it makes a noise (sound) and the noise that is produced is by the falling and hitting of the ground of the tree. This statement does not need anyone to prove its concretness, and it may even happen without anyone knowing it. The other theory that is presented is one of scientific adequacy where one has to think about the solution and have prior knowledge about sound waves and the theories behind them. When a tree falls, vibrations occur and cause waves in the air, which are detected by our ears and are then sent as messages to our brain and nerves. An equivalent reaction happens when our eyes see a coloured object. There is a process that takes place and a reaction has to occur before you can understand what you just saw or heard. Thus far, the two theories are related. The distinction between the two comes into effect when we look at whether we are hearing the waves in the air or whether this is the cause of the sound as well as the waves? The argument of the fallen tree in the forest only discusses the air waves; sound on the other hand is referred to as something physically heard. The â€Å"sound itself is the result of the physical and physiological processes initiated by the fallen tree† (Landesman, 18). One philosopher that had a theory on this issue is William Ockham. His theory is referred to as the Ockham razor. He said, â€Å"entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity†. Ockham stated we should not include objective sound at all. By doing this we are making things simpler and his reasoning for this was the simpler things were the better they turn out. Ockham is not disagreeing that sounds exist but that there are two types of sounds: subjective and dependent. Since only air waves play a role in the hearing of sound, there is no point in believing that objective sound exists in the role of sound at all. George Berkeley was not so enticed by Ockham’s theory. He saw many flaws in his reasoning and came up with his own explanations. His theory was that sound could be given a classification. There are many distinct sounds which are all different and cause various emotions in people.Some sounds cause a person to feel joy, while other sounds cause a person to exper ience a bad memory, thus causing pain. Air waves are simply a vibration or undulatory movement in the air. There are no properties of sound such as loudness that are caused by these waves. Berkeley’s realization was that there is no feasible way that sound and air waves can be classified together in the same domain. Transgenic Rice Plants EssayThe second theory that in contrast to Locke is the Materialist position. They feel that the mind of a person is in the brain and the nervous system and nothing else is included in determining circumstance. They also feel whatever goes on in the mind is the brain working and reacting to the different situations. To solidify their argument and to provide reliability, they say â€Å"if mental events could be brain processes, then the principle of simplicity requires that they be identified with brain processes† (Landesman, 33). If an individual observes colour, there has to be a colour patch which is taking place in the eyes, brain or nerves. This is causing some various chemical reaction which may not be exerting colour, but the person is reacting to the event and experiencing colour. The main supporter of this theory was Thomas Hobbes. When examining all the present theories, it is hard for me to find a philosopher and theory, which I can appreciat e all of their views and arguments. In my opinion, all of the arguments had some very intelligent ideas to back up their theories, but they also had some ideas that made no logical sense. I could not relate to some of their views as to what they were trying to get across, therefore, I have to go with my own theory and believe what I thought about Colour and Sound before I researched and obtained knowledge from the various philosophers. I believe that that there is colour and sound in the world and I experience them everyday of my life. I hear sound and I see colour and it is impossible for anyone to tell me this is not true. With my own two eyes I observe all the different colours that life has presented and with my ears I am able to hear sound and people talking around me.If these two characteristics where not in my life I think I would know this and my life would be very different. I do not believe that there truly is no colour and I do not think I will ever with come to this conc lusion. The ideas presented were valid in that they made me question if there truly is no colour or sound in the world. After reading the book and seeing the highlighter on my page, I have disregarded all the ideas of colour not existing at all. I am convinced that these were all theories by proven philosophers to try to seize individuals to fall for their â€Å"crazy† thoughts. Colour and sound are in the world and this is not an idea, it is reality. Bibliography: