A Reasonable Basis for the Institution of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as Required Reading in High School - Literature Essay Samples

Mark Twains masterwork, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, has over time, created controversy proportionate to its tremendous literary worth. The story of an uncivilized Southern boy and a runaway slave traveling up the Mississippi River towards freedom, Huckleberry Finn has been called offensive and ignoble since its first publication. At the same time, supporters such as Ernest Hemingway have hailed it as the book that all modern American literature comes from (quoted in Strauss). Objectors have historically protested the novel for its racist content and have successfully banned it in many instances. Others feel that the book is an essential part of the American literary canon and should be taught to all students. The controversy presented in this essay will not be resolved in the foreseeable future both sides have legitimate, defensible cases. For this reason alone, I believe The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should be required reading in an 11th grade American literature class . At first glance, objectors of Samuel Clemens novel appear to engage in a simplistic level of discourse. Parents, teachers, and likeminded individuals have historically protested the novel over the racism inherent to the material presented. Those concerned with matters of race find reason to ban the book over the word nigger, which appears in the text over 200 times. Such detractors claim that because of the overt racism presented, the novel enhances racial tension, makes black students uncomfortable, and can corrupt impressionable minds. Further, some have found the book to simply be a coarse story. Crusaders involved in one of the earliest bans on Huck Finn, undertaken by the Concord [Massachusetts] Public Library committee, labeled the book rough, coarse and inelegant, dealing with a series of experiences not elevating, and the veriest trash (Concord). Such basic criticism of Huck Finn typically draws from a one-dimensional reading of the work. The character of Jim is most immed iately portrayed as a stereotypically unintelligent, grotesque figure, and the novel itself ends with his capture and reenslavement. Huck, a naÃÆ'Â ¯ve boy with no morality other than the flawed, inculcated Southern mores he takes for granted, narrates the story from an unwaveringly simple perspective. When judged at face value alone, this novel does indeed appear to be nothing but a bleak commentary about race relations in the 1800s with overwhelmingly racist overtones. Even the most obdurate or obtuse of Twains critics, however, are able to grasp the basic elements of satire, sarcasm, and irony apparent in Huck Finn. Twain was an ardent abolitionist and humanitarian in spite of the deeply rooted Southern culture around him. He had no intention of dehumanizing blacks by portraying a sardonic reality any more than Jonathan Swift intended to advocate infanticide. Indeed, the true controversy surrounding Twains novel does not lie simply within an objection lodged over such a basic a nd cynical view of the work. There exists a much stronger intellectual concern that finds itself at the heart of a modern controversy over how people should read and understand works of literature. In addition, the debate extends to what is to be considered part of the distinguished canon of great literature, a distinction most modern detractors would deign to concede to Huck Finn. On one side of this conflict are traditionalists, or formalists, who maintain that the point of literature is to rise above such local and transitory problems by transmuting them into universal structures of language and image (Graff). These individuals reject subjective criticism of a work of literature based on its ethical message. Instead, they believe that a works value and literary merit is based on an objective analysis of the works value as art, which relates to a works ability to describe, consider, or enlighten the human condition and a works compositional worth. By that standard, a work of lite rature cannot be appraised for the limitations of the time period from which it derives any more than King Kong could be considered an inferior film for its lack of computer-generated special effects or Casablanca for its lack of color. Traditionalists reject deliberation on literatures ethics and are especially opposed to censorship on ethical grounds.. To them, it would be unfair to judge the Iliad for its reliance on myth, Lolita for its overt sexual situations, or the Communist Manifesto for its espousal of a radical doctrine. These works, traditionalists argue, have merit wholly independent of what incorrect, anachronous, or unacceptable beliefs or themes the works seem to advocate. Instead, their worth is contingent upon their capacity to transcend such temporal constraints, a capacity that happens to be extremely debatable for any work of poetry or prose. The traditionalists, for the most part, believe in a distinction between literature and its physical effects. Since words have a value apart from their impact on the reader and from their effect on the world, a demarcation between words and their real consequences must exist. Opponents to the traditional view focus on specific thematic and ethical messages within works of literature in their analyses. Among their ranks are Marxist critics, who appraise a work based on the class statuses and socioeconomic motives of various characters; feminist critics, who heavily analyze gender roles and conditions in literature; and racial critics, who generally look at a works treatment of racial boundaries. These individuals actively examine the ethical messages of novels and consider how works of literature affect readers by this message. The traditionalist and anti-traditionalist debate is at the heart of the controversy surrounding Huckleberry Finn. If all readers saw this book as traditionalists do, no objections to it would exist. Jims debasement is irrelevant to the literary merit of the novel. Reading the n ovel for its ethical message, however, puts it on the same shelf as Mein Kampf for a reader sensitive to racial issues. Jims character and plight recall outdated, stereotypical roles of blacks. His position serves only to help cultivate the morality and civility of his white friend, Huck. Various writings bolster this appraisal of Jim as a character. Ralph Ellison likens Jim to a minstrel in blackface, albeit a strongly moral one. Toni Morrison attests to the necessity of Jims role as the inferior: [This] representation can be read as the yearning of whites for forgiveness and love, but the yearning is made possible only when it is understood that Jim has recognized his inferiority (not as slave, but as black) and despises it (56). Ultimately, Morrison argues, It is not what Jim seems that warrants inquiry, but what Mark Twain [and] Huck need from him that should solicit our attention (57). Others have articulated their rage about the novel in similar terms: Its not the word nigg er Im objecting to, its the whole range of assumptions about slavery and its consequences, and about how whites should deal with liberated slaves, and how liberated slaves should behave or will behave towards whites, good ones and bad ones. That book is just bad education, and the fact that its so cleverly written makes it even more troublesome to me (Paul Moses paraphrased in Booth, 3). The debate about Huck Finn provides an excellent opportunity to introduce students to the engaging, vocal debate about literary interpretation. The controversy between traditionalists and non-traditionalists rages in academic halls around the world, and all literature students will encounter it eventually. These views are both solid mainstays of modern literary criticism, and students would do well to begin considering them as early as high school. Ironically, the controversy over whether or not a novel should be taught is itself the reason it must be taught. Why must we teach Huck Finn in particula r to exemplify this debate? First, as shown above, it is at the epicenter of the traditionalist controversy and therefore as fine an example as we will find of how this debate plays out.. Second, and more importantly, the novel is one of the bravest, most deliberate, most powerfully-written novels dealing with race. A highly esteemed author himself, Ralph Ellison acknowledges that Surely for literature there is some rare richness here (422). Its success is due in part to Twains intent, at the outset, to create a work of brilliant satire, infusing his story with irony and a thickly accented narrative. For its frank, carefully constructed, and all too relevant treatment of race relations, American history, and Southern culture, Huck Finn is an indispensable part of the high school curriculum. Works CitedBarr, Kevin J. The Teaching of Huckleberry Finn.' Washington Post 25 March 1995: A17. Booth, Wayne. The Company We Keep: An Ethics of Fiction. Berkeley, CA: University of California Pr ess, 1988.Britt, Donna. On Race. Washington Post: B1, B7. The Concord Public Library committee has decided to exclude Mark Twains latest book. Boston Transcript 17 March, 1885.Ellison, Ralph. Change the Joke and Slip the Yoke. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. 421-422.Graff, Gerald. Debate the Canon in Class. New Literary History: Autumn 1990.Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark. New York: Vintage Books, 1992. Rich, Frank. Dropping the N-Bomb. New York Times 16 March 1995: 5.Trilling, Lionel. The Greatness of Huckleberry Finn. Introduction. Huckleberry Finn. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1948. 323-324. Yardley, Jonathan. Huck Finn and the Ebb and Flow of Controversy. Washington Post 13 March 1995.

1984 Vocabulary

George Orwells 1984   tells of a dystopian future where the totalitarian government (called the Party) seeks to control not only language, but thought as well. Orwell created a whole new set of language rules with his Newspeak in 1984, showing how by reducing the ability to express oneself creatively, the Party could control how people spoke, and ultimately, know their thoughts. Instead of very good instead one using Newspeak would say plusgood and doubleplusgood. Orwell was particularly interested in nuances in language, and bemoaned what he viewed as   the loss of critical thinking and metaphor. 1984 - Terms and Vocabulary Heres a list of some unusual vocabulary words from 1984, by George Orwell. Use these terms for reference, study, and discussion. inscrutable: of an obscure nature discountenanced:  embarrassed gamboling:  playing boisterously or loudly multifarious:  having many aspects venerate:  regard with feelings of respect and reverence aquiline:  curved down, as an eagles beak stratum:  layers of material or divisions, or social classes in society palimpsest:  a manuscript on which more than one text has been written fulminate:  cause to explode violently and with loud noise anodyne:  capable of relieving pain sinecure:  an office that involves minimal duties niggling:  petty, trivial proletarian:  belonging to or characteristic of the working class wainscoting:  decorative paneling or woodwork fecundity: fertility, or cleverness (as in a fertile imagination) spurious:  not genuine, inauthentic oligarchy:  a form of government in which all power is in a few people or a dominant class truncheon: a club carried by a law enforcement officer forlorn: unhappy or miserable, hopeless More 1984 Resources Questions for Study and Discussion On 1984:Orwell Review

About The Trail of Tears - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 772 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Trail Of Tears Essay Did you like this example? The Question of this project: How was the journey to finding rights, for the Cherokee nation? The journey to obtaining rights as a Cherokee nation was a long a rough journey. The Cherokee people had 53,000 square miles of land in Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama combined but in 1802 white settlers, and President Thomas Jefferson began looking at removing the Cherokee tribe from their lands (GPB n.d.). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About The Trail of Tears" essay for you Create order In the court case Worcester v. Georgia, the Cherokee Nation looked to get a federal injunction against the laws passed by the state of Georgia because these laws denied them the rights and privileges from within the state. One year later the U.S. Supreme court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign. In other words, the state of Georgia had no right to enforce any of their state laws in the Cherokee territory. Andrew Jackson, who was President at that time, rejected the ruling of this case and ordered the removal of the Cherokee nation. The United States army forces were used in certain instances to round them up. This elimination and journey is called The Trail of Tears. Out of the 15,000 Cherokee people who left, 4,000 died on the way to Indian Territory but what is now the state of Oklahoma (FJC n.d.). These past couple paragraphs are the official take on what happened but there is also the point of view of someone who went through it herself and her name was Margaret McGurie. In this interview she went on to explain in detail, how it was on the journey. She said, The Cherokees had to walk; all the old people who were too weak to walk could ride in the Government wagons that hauled the food and the blankets which they allowed to have. It goes on to say that the food on the Trail of Tears was horrible and there was not very much of it, so often the Indians had to go two days without water. This trail started in Georgia and went across Kentucky, Tennessee, and through Missouri all the way to Old Fort Wayne which was built as a shelter for the Indians until houses were built (Montiero 1837). As a conclusion it is clear that the Cherokee Indians went through a lot just to get rights. I would need information on Works Cited FJC. n.d. Federal Judicial Center. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://www.fjc.gov/history/timeline/cherokee-nation-v.-georgia. The Federal Judicial Center produced and maintains this site in furtherance of its statutory mission. The Center regards the contents of this site to be responsible and valuable. The Court ruled four years later in Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was a separate political entity that could not be regulated by the state, and that only the federal government had authority to regulate the use of Indian land. GPB. n.d. Judgement Day. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h1567.html. PBS is Americas largest classroom, the nations largest stage for the arts and a trusted window to the world. In addition, PBSs educational media helps prepare people for success in school and opens up the world to them. Their main goal is to fulfill our essential mission to the American public, providing trusted programming that is uniquely different from commercial broadcasting and treating audiences as citizens, not simply consumers. For 15 consecutive years, a national study has rated PBS as the most-trusted institution in America. Montiero, Lorrie. 1837. Sequoyah Research Center. August 20. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://ualrexhibits.org/tribalwriters/artifacts/Family-Stories-Trail-of-Tears.html. The collections of the University of Arkansas at Little Rocks Sequoyah National Research Center constitute the largest assemblage of Native American expression in the world. Our mission, to acquire and preserve the writings and ideas of Native North Americans, is accomplished through collecting the written word and art of Native Americans and creating a research atmosphere that invites indigenous peoples to make the Center an archival home for their creative work. Oyez. Accessed November 4, 2018. https://www.oyez.org/cases/1832/2. Oyez a free law project from Cornells Legal Information Institute (LII), Justia, and Chicago-Kent College of Lawis a multimedia archive devoted to making the Supreme Court of the United States accessible to everyone. It is the most complete and authoritative source for all of the Courts audio since the installation of a recording system in October 1955. Oyez offers transcript-synchronized and searchable audio, plain-English case summaries, illustrated decision information, and full-text Supreme Court opinions (through Justia). Oyez also provides detailed information on every justice throughout the Courts history and offers a panoramic tour of the Supreme Court building, including the chambers of several justices.

Argument For And Against Profit And Wealth Maximization

ARGUMENT FOR AND AGAINST PROFIT AND WEALTH MAXIMIZATION GOALS IN LIGHT OF CORPORATE FINANCE Every individual firm in any market segment has well set goals that it aims to achieve. These goals may be set by the owners or shareholders who must collaborate closely with the agents whom they have given the responsibility to manage the firm. The agents are basically the managers who through the agency theory must ensure that the firm is meeting its strategic goals. A firm with no set goals or one that doesn’t have good managers is set to fail in its bid to make profit and hence will definitely have to close down. To ensure that a firm meets its objectives, a few considerations must be looked at. These could†¦show more content†¦v) Quality of the firm’s products vi) Good industrial relations. Expounding on Financial Goals ( Profit and Wealth Maximization). Profit Maximization Main aim of any kind of economic activity is earning profit. A business concern is also functioning mainly for earning profit. Profit is the measuring techniques to understand the business efficiency of the concern. Profit maximization is also the traditional and narrow approach, which aims at maximizing the profit of the concern. However, unlimited profit maximization cannot be defended by any reasonable ethical theory. The idea that corporations should pursue the interests of their shareholders, takes its starkest form in the sentiment expressed by Milton Friedman, that ‘‘the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits’’ (Friedman, 1970). Friedman is very clear in stating that it is illegitimate for a corporation to act in a way that is detrimental to shareholder returns. Profit maximization is thus a moral imperative for corporate executives. The interests of groups other than the shareholders should thus only be given weight to the extent that pursuing these interests also benefits the shareholders. For instance the implication of CSR is permissible only if it is insincere i.e. used as an instrument toShow MoreRelatedShareholder Wealth Maximization And Profit Maximization988 Words   |  4 Pagesshareholder wealth maximization and profit maximization? If a firm c hooses to pursue the objective of shareholder wealth maximization, does this preclude the use of profit maximization decision-making rules? Explain. Answer: Maximizing profits is typically not the same as maximizing shareholder wealth. Profit maximization lacks a time dimension (long-term versus short-term); GAAP results in hundreds of definitions of profits (or earnings or income) and profit maximization ignores risk. The profits maximizationRead MoreFinancial Principals and Policies864 Words   |  4 Pagesshareholder wealth maximization and profit maximization? If a firm chooses to pursue the objective of shareholder wealth maximization, does this preclude the use of profit maximization decision-making rules? Explain. Profit maximization means the company makes profit maximize. Maximize shareholder wealth states that management needs to bring maximize the value for its owners by make the most efficient resources and reasonable financial management. Therefore, shareholder wealth maximization include theRead MoreWealth Maximization And Corporate Social Responsibility1745 Words   |  7 PagesWealth Maximization and Corporate Social Responsibility Ebehi Onakpoma Introduction There has been a lingering argument about the legitimacy and importance of corporate responses to CSR concerns. There are diverse opinions of the role of the firm in the environment and thoughts on whether profit maximization should be the only goal of a corporation. Profit maximization is the goal of any business. It is the process by which profits (EPS) of the business are increased. In other words,Read MoreThe View That Shareholder Wealth Maximization Should Always Be the Preferred Objective of a Firm.2367 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION A financial management system is the methodology and software that an organization uses to oversee and govern its income, expenses, and assets with the objective of maximizing profits and ensuring sustainability. It is concerned with the procurement and use of funds with an aim to use business funds in such a way that the firm’s value and earnings are maximized. It also provides a frame work for selecting a proper course of action and deciding a viable commercial strategyRead MoreFriedmans View On Corporate Social Responsibility1775 Words   |  8 Pages(Chandler Werther Jr., 2014). This paper will briefly examine the viewpoint of the well-known economist, Milton Friedman, whose assertions have been very influential in the debate surrounding corporate social responsibility (CSR). Arguments, both in support of, and against Friedman’s assertions, will be presented along with examples of two organizations having contrasting attitudes regarding CSR. Lastly, the paper will examine three organizations whose literal adherence to Friedman’s view has ledRead MoreEthical And Legal Importance Of Social Responsibility1612 Words   |  7 PagesResponsibility in Corporate Culture This business study will analyze the ethical and legal importance of social responsibility in corporate culture. Friedman (1970) defines the dangers of ‘social responsibility† as a threat to the individualism and profit motives of corporate executives that must serve the corporation before the larger society. More so, Friedman argues that the corporation is an â€Å"artificial person† that relies on the free markets to correct problems with non-productive, hazardousRead MoreFallacies of Corporate Social Responsibility1773 Words   |  8 Pagesmatter for serious arguments. Whereas business‘s human side stressed the importance of social responsibility, it also opened the room for criticism for its opponents, some of who have expressed legit business concerns; others endorse the belief that social responsibility is an integral part of a business. The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of fallacies of CSR and its advocacy. BUSINESS IS ALL ABOUT PROFIT MAXIMIZATION Among the first and most famous proponents against corporate socialRead MoreThe And The Corporate Sector1484 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction We believe in this long held notion that corporations will never think of doing for the greater good of society and care only and only for their own profit maximization. This may be true in many cases like we hear about Gap’s factory working conditions in Bangladesh, Apple in China and so on. However this may not mean that every corporation is bad and that we should keep bashing the whole corporate sector for this. We have to admit that there is a problem with the declining qualityRead MoreStakeholder4051 Words   |  17 PagesStakeholders, Shareholders and Wealth Maximization V. Sivarama Krishnan, University of Central Oklahoma ABSTRACT This paper attempts reconciliation between the two somewhat extreme views espoused by the shareholder wealth maximization paradigm and the stakeholder theory. The stakeholder theory challenges the basic premise built into corporate finance theory, teaching and practice. Corporate finance theory, teaching and the typically recommended practice are all built on the premise that theRead MoreEssay about Maximizing Profits as the Main Goal2180 Words   |  9 Pages Maximizing Profits as the Main Goal The traditional theory (neoclassical) assumes that firm’s primary objective is to maximize profits. That is if the firm is owner controlled. This assumption is based on that firms makes the output and price decisions. Also, that firm takes all necessary actions to earn the greatest profit possible. The managerial theory assumes firms do not necessarily act in order to maximize profits. The basic tenet behind this is the separation of ownership from

Masculinity as Homophobia by Michael S. Kimmel - 1532 Words

As with a great majority of men in the world today, it is easier for me to give hugs than to accept them. This is not my own doing, but rather centuries of men before myself being taught that the outward expression of emotion, in any facet, was a direct form of weakness. This has led to adverse affects in regards to a new generation of man that I find myself apart of now. This belief has forged a lack of sentiment within men, all in the name of â€Å"being a man.† Do not take it the wrong way, as if to say a lack of compassion is a bad thing, they teach young men. It is actually the contrary in a growing market economy. As we shift to a more global marketplace, empathy of any sort is the cog in the wheel that holds a man back in an attempt to†¦show more content†¦Men are all putting on a mask, in an attempt to hide their true selves from other males. Kimmel suggest that society begins to use politics of inclusion or that the definition of manhood be widened to help en d the gender struggle. For good or for worse, young boys have continuously been shaped in history to suppress any femininity. Yes, centuries ago this was a very helpful trait seeing how wars were being waged and exploration was at its height, but like anything times have changed. Increases in feminist and LGBTQ movements have given men the ability to fully embrace who they really are, yet times have not caught up to this fact. Men continue to put on a faà §ade for one another that inhibit them. Behind closed doors, men are fully able to embrace their true selves, but the moment they are confronted with other males, the battle of machismo begins: If I catch any one man, and hes alone, I get along fine with him. But just let two of the guys get together an you wont talk. Jus nothing but mad†¦. Youre all scared of each other, thats what. Ever one of yous scared the rest is goin to get something on you (Steinbeck). There is a constant unspoken â€Å"battle of brawn† being waged by men in society. It is what causes us to have to get the fastest car or the cutest girl. There is always room to do better thanShow MoreRelatedMasculinity As Homophobia By Michael S. Kimmel898 Words   |  4 Pagesthat generation proceeded to teach their children the same thing. Although many views have changed, homophobia is still a big issue in society, no matter whom it is learned from. Essay 4 in The Matrix Reader â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia† by Michael S. Kimmel explains the definition of manhood and how it has helped to create the concept of homophobia in a societal sense rather than a scientific one. Kimmel states that â€Å"Manhood is neither static nor timeless; it is historical,† and â€Å"†¦not the manifestationRead MoreHomophobia in Society1323 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and critique masculinity as homophobia. Homophobia: -noun irrational fear of, aversion to, hatred of, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals. According to Merriam-Websters Medical Dictionary, that is the definition of homophobia. Interesting isnt it? to see homophobia on the same page as hepatitis, herpes, and HIV among others. Before this class I wouldnt have expected to find it there. I mean honestlyRead MoreGay, Latino, And Macho By Albert Serna Jr. And The Essay, Masculinity As Homophobia Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesMacho† by Albert Serna Jr. and the essay â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia† by Michael S. Kimmel, the authors both address how Masculinity and Homophobia are both effect by the gender scripts that are established by institutions. However, Kimmel and Serna bring light upon the issues in different manners. Kimmel states that Masculinity is a mental burden upon men who are unable to truly express themselves without being seen by society as a â€Å"sissy, untough, uncool† (Kimmel, 44). Consequently, this leads many heterosexualRead MoreMasculinity Theory1630 Words   |  7 PagesGoogl e defines masculinity as a possession of qualities traditionally associated with men, using, handsome, muscled, and driven, hes a prime example of masculinity as their example. Although this definition of masculinity is common, it is undeveloped and exclusive to other forms of masculinity. Sociologists such as Raewyn Connell, Eric Anderson and Michael Kimmel have formed their own theories and definitions of masculinity. In this course, we have read an excerpt from Eric Anderson’s, InclusiveRead MoreWhat Defines Our Gender? : Development Of A Societal Standard For Men1898 Words   |  8 Pagestimes are changing, Michael Kimmel firmly believes that the â€Å"Guy Code† is engrained in the minds of men forever; in fear of being emasculated, men will jump hurdles to prove themselves, even with the psychological repercussions. The profound idea of the â€Å"Guy Code† has been around for generations. When trying to clearly define the rules of the â€Å"Guy Code,† Kimmel revisited the work of Psychologist Michael Brannon. In 1976, Brannon summarized the four basic rules of masculinity in The Forty-Nine PerRead MoreEssay on Masculinity and Race1594 Words   |  7 PagesMasculinity and Race Historically, masculinity in the United States has been constructed as being White Protestant Anglo-Saxon, furthermore heterosexual and in charge of all matters, and this definition sets standards against which other men are measured an evaluated. Michael Kimmel provides a good definition: [†¦], Young, married, white, urban heterosexual, Protestant father of college education, fully employed, of good complexion, weight and height and a recent record in sports(271). Read MoreModern Day American Society By Aaron Devor s Bros Before Hos : The Guy Code ``1635 Words   |  7 PagesMeanings of Gender,† and Michael Kimmel’s â€Å"Bros Before Hos: The Guy Code,† both argue that the gender hierarchy America has been built upon is the product of socialization. Devor s essay, written more like a research paper, focuses on explaining the origins of the gender myth through well-researched scientific evidence and logos. To reflect his writing style, he mainly talks about the physical effects this has had on male and female characteristics. In his essay, Kimmel talks about The Bro CodeRead MoreMasculinity And Masculinity, By Michael Kimmel Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pagesmen are often subject to extreme methods of proving their masculinity, and to reinfor ce what it truly means to be a man. Michael Kimmel, famous sociologist said, â€Å"Masculinity is the relentless repudiation of the feminine† (Kimmel, 2015), which not only reflects how men think about themselves but how North Americans as an entire culture think about masculinity and manhood. The following pages will be centered on issues of the lens of masculinity in contexts such as the sphere of education, the predominanceRead MoreA World Engrossed By Blurbs And Snippets Essay1901 Words   |  8 Pagesman in today s world. This documentary is a film that parents need to be made aware of and need to be made to watch. There are eye-opening interviews with experts, inspiring teachers, athletes, and other role models. Young boys, teens, and grown men, also chime in, and discuss their experiences, both positive and negative. They often share moving, emotional, and intense memories and feelings. There are frank discussions and sometimes-graphic footage related to sexuality, homophobia, sexism, pornographyRead MoreSexuality is Socially Constructed Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesreproductive organs he/she possesses at birth. The gender one is expected to align themselves with is the one that tends to follow the established social guidelines for their sex. Thus, a male is one with a penis who, as Michael S. Kimmel relates in his article â€Å"Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity,† is given power, wealth, and status in society, who must â€Å"never do anything that remotely suggests femininity,† who does not show emotions, and who â€Å"exudes

Post Positivist Approach Free Essays

Post positivist approach is a metatheoretical stance philosophically rooted in positivism. Whereas positivists believe in the existing reality apart from our own perception of it and the importance of empirical observation as well as rock-solid general laws, post positivists share some similarities with a softer, amended approach. Realist and the social constructionist are both taken as ontology by post positivist researchers in communication discipline. We will write a custom essay sample on Post Positivist Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is, it can be true that post positivist researchers believe that there is an empirical, unchallengeable reality independent of our perceptions, but limitations like the complexity of the reality and the biases of researchers still exist which causes our incomplete understanding of the reality. Even though, by applying the mutiple measures and observation, post positivist believe researchers can enhance the objectivity and attain a more and more fully apprehended reality. At the same time, post positivists also have faith in multiple realities which can be constructed by social collectives through communicative interaction in relatively patterned ways and its effects should be regular and predictable which in turn reified social constructions. Thus, post positivists study regularities and patterns. Post positivist researchers in communication base their assumptions largely on the so-termed modified objectivist which holds to the notion that causal relationships for regularities observed in the social world is the center of the search for knowledge. Textbook, chpt3) Nevertheless, post positivists largely reject the value-free inquiry and the absolute authority of scientific method. Instead, post positivists believe that with careful and systematic operations as well as awareness of values, scholars can strive to be as unbiased as possible â€Å"by using controls and statistical tests, insisting on replication, and so forth. † (Textbook, chpt3) T herefore, post positivism does not equal to qualitative approach as many may assume. In fact, post positivists apply quantitative research methods largely to safeguard objectivity and to advance knowledge. Post positivist researchers consist that theories should try to reach beyond the observation level of individual events to attain the abstract quality with clear logical links to the empirical world. By operationally defining theoretical constructs, researchers can test the theoretical concepts with substitution of empirical indicators to verify or falsify the theory. Moreover, post positivists hold to the three interlinked functions of theories–explanation, prediction, and control. That is, theories should first of all explain behaviour in a causal relationship manner. In addition, theories should be able to predict future behaviour in a patterned way due to the abstraction of a certain phenomenon. At the end, good theories also provide information to control future events. Taking these functions into consideration, one can generate a set of criteria for evaluating and comparing theories from a post positivist stance. (* is explained at the end) I would like to explore more on the complex mental decision making processes involved in choosing to consume media (information-filtering-related theories) in this information age. I would imagine that selective exposure theory and active learner theory* would be two comparable choices to explain questions in this field and may provide reasonable predictions and relative control on future events. Selective exposure theory is accurate within its conceptual boundaries since many laboratory experiments have been conducted to test it so it is empirically testable. For example, in one study, when individual were placed in state of boredom, they selected arousing media messages and avoided relaxing fare to achieve an optimal level of arousal. ( Bryant, Zillmann, 1984). Selective exposure theory is consistent internally and externally because there is no contradictory propositions or widely held theories in the relevant domain. It is parsimonious because it mainly focuses on emotional states. However, because of this, researches have been conducted mostly upon mood management and selective exposure effects (first regulate emotion, then measure the media choice) which is not the real life situations. Thus, it is not in a very broad scope. In addition, in labs, participants only need to focus on limited choices but in the real world we face abundant media. In this case, selective exposure theory may have limited external validity. Nevertheless, this theory provide plausible explanations in media choosing and can somehow predict future behaviour (eg: people use media to alleviate boredom and other negative emotions) and also bring up future possible research questions (how about on positive mood other than negative?†¦ ). Therefore, in general, it is a better theory to choose other than the active learner theory because the latter one lack empirical tests and cannot rule out possible interventions. The active learner theory is a pseudo-theory I personally came up with rather than a really existing one. I can be totally/partially wrong or this can have been better explained by some mature theories. It is not even a theory but I still want to give it a try based on my understanding of this mental decision making process. I think the choice that one individual makes on media consumption can represent more than what it appears to be. It is not only a personal mood management process but also can involve social context and group judgment into it. As individual make choices, they can consciously or unconsciously go over the considerations of others’ feedback judgments and possible consequences aftermath. For example, if one has the instinctive drive to watch porn to maximize pleasure, before making the final decision, (s)he may consider the possible feedback from roommates or parents or friends who may see his/her behaviour, therefore quickly decide not to do so. People may gain this kind of thinking from previous learning from personal experience, peer talking or education. Or, imagine a group of girls surfing the Internet in the same room, one may want to log onto Angel and read some articles but others are more interested in gossip and entertainment. Even though this girl has her own laptop and can choose what she wants to read but she doesn’t want to be â€Å"distinct† or â€Å"nerdy† so she conforms. Thus, I name people as active learner, that is, we can quickly adjust our behaviour and adapt to situations around us through more complex mental procedures besides mood management process consciously and automatically. How to cite Post Positivist Approach, Papers

Business law Hunt & Hunt v Mitchell Morgans

Question: Discuss about the Business law Hunt Hunt v Mitchell Morgans. Answer: Breach of duty As per the facts of the case, Hunt Hunt was held to be co-wrongdoer along with Mr. Caradonna and Mr. Flammia, together named as the Fraudsters who committed infringement of their duties towards the Mitchell Morgans. The liability of the fraudsters was apportioned as Mr. Cardonna was liable for 72.5%, Mr. Flammia was liable for 15.0% and Hunt Hunt was liable to the extent of 12.5%. However, Hunt Hunt took the defense of the rule of proportionate liability. Proportionate liability as laid down under the Civil Liability Act, 2002 is a liability that may be either joint or several but each offender shall be treated as the essential cause and shall bore the entire loss caused (Munro 2015). Section 1041 N of the Corporations Act 2001, lays down the statutory provisions for proportionate liability for apportionable claims. According to the Act, where the liability of the defendant being a concurrent wrongdoer in connection to the claim is restricted to that amount which is proportionate to the extent off loss or damage claimed as a result of the defendants responsibility for such loss or damage caused. The Hunt Hunt was held liable as it failed to carry out its duty of care towards the Mitchell Morgans. The Hunt Hunt was negligent while preparing the mortgage agreement as it did not prepare the agreement containing a promise to pay back a confirmed amount. The Critical evaluation of the courts decision The damage caused by Mr. Caradonna and his solicitor included the advancement of loan funds by Mitchell Morgans and the harm caused by the Hunt Hunt was that it acted negligently as the Mitchell Morgan did not possess the security benefit to pay the money advanced (Woodhouse and Rendle 2015). For determining the extent of loss suffered, the extent of interest violated must be recognized to establish what omission or act has caused the damages suffered. References Munro, A., 2015. Identifying concurrent wrongdoers: The proportionate liability regime in practice.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(2), p.76. Woodhouse, B. and Rendle, C., 2015. High Court limits scope of proportionate liability claims.Governance Directions,67(6), p.368.